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CYG13 - A Water Maser and NH₃ Survey of GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects

Short title: Cyganowski et al. (2013)
Authors: Cyganowski, C. J.Koda, J.Rosolowsky, E.Towers, S.Donovan Meyer, J.Egusa, F.Momose, R.Robitaille, T. P.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 764, Issue 1, article id. 61, 30 pp. (2013).
Bibcode:

Target type: EGO

Abstract
We present the results of a Nobeyama 45 m H₂O maser and NH₃ survey of all 94 northern GLIMPSE extended green objects (EGOs), a sample of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) identified based on their extended 4.5 μm emission. We observed the NH₃(1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) inversion lines, and detected emission toward 97%, 63%, and 46% of our sample, respectively (median rms ~ 50 mK). The H₂O maser detection rate is 68% (median rms ~ 0.11 Jy). The derived H₂O maser and clump-scale gas properties are consistent with the identification of EGOs as young MYSOs. To explore the degree of variation among EGOs, we analyze subsamples defined based on mid-infrared (MIR) properties or maser associations. H₂O masers and warm dense gas, as indicated by emission in the higher-excitation NH₃ transitions, are most frequently detected toward EGOs also associated with both Class I and II CH₃OH masers. Ninety-five percent (81%) of such EGOs are detected in H₂O (NH₃(3,3)), compared to only 33% (7%) of EGOs without either CH₃OH maser type. As populations, EGOs associated with Class I and/or II CH₃OH masers have significantly higher NH₃ line widths, column densities, and kinetic temperatures than EGOs undetected in CH₃OH maser surveys. However, we find no evidence for statistically significant differences in H₂O maser properties (such as maser luminosity) among any EGO subsamples. Combining our data with the 1.1 mm continuum Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey, we find no correlation between isotropic H₂O maser luminosity and clump number density. H₂O maser luminosity is weakly correlated with clump (gas) temperature and clump mass.

Abstract

We present the results of a Nobeyama 45 m H₂O maser and NH₃ survey of all 94 northern GLIMPSE extended green objects (EGOs), a sample of massive young stellar objects (MYSOs) identified based on their extended 4.5 μm emission. We observed the NH₃(1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) inversion lines, and detected emission toward 97%, 63%, and 46% of our sample, respectively (median rms ~ 50 mK). The H₂O maser detection rate is 68% (median rms ~ 0.11 Jy). The derived H₂O maser and clump-scale gas properties are consistent with the identification of EGOs as young MYSOs. To explore the degree of variation among EGOs, we analyze subsamples defined based on mid-infrared (MIR) properties or maser associations. H₂O masers and warm dense gas, as indicated by emission in the higher-excitation NH₃ transitions, are most frequently detected toward EGOs also associated with both Class I and II CH₃OH masers. Ninety-five percent (81%) of such EGOs are detected in H₂O (NH₃(3,3)), compared to only 33% (7%) of EGOs without either CH₃OH maser type. As populations, EGOs associated with Class I and/or II CH₃OH masers have significantly higher NH₃ line widths, column densities, and kinetic temperatures than EGOs undetected in CH₃OH maser surveys. However, we find no evidence for statistically significant differences in H₂O maser properties (such as maser luminosity) among any EGO subsamples. Combining our data with the 1.1 mm continuum Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey, we find no correlation between isotropic H₂O maser luminosity and clump number density. H₂O maser luminosity is weakly correlated with clump (gas) temperature and clump mass.

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Image	Line	V_range	V_peak	F_peak	∫F dv	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Distance	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)				H₂O	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)	(Jy*km/s)		(km/s)	(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)	(kpc)
1	18 08 49.3	-20 05 57	10.2876	-0.1248	G10.323-0.147	G10.29-0.13	Image	22 GHz;	5.3;16.1	12.3	0.7	1.548	NRO	0.5	0.080	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	1.580		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
2	18 09 00	-20 03 35	10.3424	-0.1423	G10.323-0.147	G10.34-0.14	Image	22 GHz;	-13.1;49.8	19.8	11.1	64.044	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	1.290		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
3	18 13 58.1	-18 54 17	11.9185	-0.6126	G11.918-0.613	G11.92-0.61	Image	22 GHz;	18.2;43.8	39.8	53.1	145.844	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR	3.480		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
4	18 12 23.6	-18 22 54	12.1987	-0.0345	G12.199-0.033	G12.20-0.03	Image	22 GHz;	47.3;47.6	47.3	0.5	0.242	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O -OH	SFR	11.700		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
5	18 10 51.1	-17 55 50	12.4179	0.5037	G12.418+0.504	G12.42+0.50	Image	22 GHz;	4.5;11.2	5.8	2.9	7.828	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR	1.870		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
6	18 13 54.7	-18 01 47	12.6804	-0.1822	G12.681-0.182	G12.68-0.18	Image	22 GHz;	8.3;109.7	59.5	629.0	1381.320	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.460		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
7	18 13 48.2	-17 45 39	12.9042	-0.0309	G12.904-0.031	G12.91-0.03	Image	22 GHz;	13.2;16.9	16.7	0.7	1.327	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	4.480		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
8	18 14 39.5	-17 52 00	12.9085	-0.2602	G12.908-0.260	G12.91-0.26	Image	22 GHz;	40.4;49.3	40.7	1.0	1.010	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.410		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
9	18 18 54.4	-16 47 46	14.3323	-0.6435	G14.332-0.642	G14.33-0.64	Image	22 GHz;	14.3;32.3	27.2	35.8	108.120	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	1.120		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
10	18 19 15.4	-16 30 07	14.6312	-0.5783	G14.631-0.577	G14.63-0.58	Image	22 GHz;	21.8;22.6	22.3	1.7	1.452	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	1.730		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
11	18 21 9.1	-14 31 48	16.5853	-0.0505	G16.585-0.051	G16.59-0.05	Image	22 GHz;	50.1;72.5	57.6	37.8	167.848	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.200		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
12	18 23 21	-13 15 11	17.9632	0.0784	G17.964+0.079	G17.96+0.08	Image	22 GHz;	21.0;31.8	28.8	29.5	43.348	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED	1.870		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
13	18 24 53.7	-12 39 20	18.6674	0.0254	G18.666+0.033	G18.67+0.03	Image	22 GHz;	89.3;92.3	90.7	5.7	8.142	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	10.810		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
14	18 27 7.9	-12 41 36	18.8885	-0.4747	G18.888-0.475	G18.89-0.47	Image	22 GHz;	61.3;69.9	62.6	4.7	13.412	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	4.280		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
15	18 25 44.8	-12 22 46	19.0086	-0.0294	G19.009-0.029	G19.01-0.03	Image	22 GHz;	49.5;56.8	54.9	1.0	2.347	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	11.540		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
16	18 27 13.6	-11 53 20	19.6112	-0.1207	G19.612-0.134	G19.61-0.12	Image	22 GHz;	57.2;58.6	57.8	2.3	2.470	NRO	0.5	0.120	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.840		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
17	18 27 16.8	-11 53 51	19.6097	-0.1363	G19.612-0.134	G19.61-0.14	Image	22 GHz;	57.2;58.3	57.8	1.5	1.472	NRO	0.5	0.120	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.890		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
18	18 29 14.7	-11 50 23	19.8843	-0.5351	G19.884-0.535	G19.88-0.53	Image	22 GHz;	20.6;46.5	43.8	28.6	119.711	NRO	0.5	0.180	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED	3.120		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
19	18 27 44.6	-11 14 54	20.2371	0.0653	G20.237+0.065	G20.24+0.07	Image	22 GHz;	69.9;71.8	71.3	1.5	2.560	NRO	0.5	0.190	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.380		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
20	18 30 34.7	-09 34 47	22.0386	0.2223	G22.039+0.222	G22.04+0.22	Image	22 GHz;	43.2;54.0	53.5	5.8	8.327	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.400		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
21	18 34 40.2	-09 00 38	23.0097	-0.4103	G23.010-0.411	G23.01-0.41	Image	22 GHz;	61.0;82.3	69.7	52.5	268.814	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.590		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
22	18 33 19.5	-07 55 37	23.8180	0.3844	G23.818+0.384	G23.82+0.38	Image	22 GHz;	72.5;76.3	74.4	1.5	2.927	NRO	0.5	0.060	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED	4.430		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
23	18 35 22.3	-08 01 28	23.9649	-0.1103	G23.966-0.110	G23.96-0.11	Image	22 GHz;	-165.2;73.4	72.6	0.9	3.629	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED	10.760		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
24	18 35 23.5	-07 59 32	23.9958	-0.0998	G23.996-0.100	G24.00-0.10	Image	22 GHz;	61.8;64.8	64.0	1.4	2.020	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.250		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
25	18 35 25	-07 48 15	24.1656	-0.0188	G24.148-0.009	G24.17-0.02	Image	22 GHz;	92.5;94.1	93.3	1.6	1.758	NRO	0.5	0.060	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	5.410		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
26	18 35 8.1	-07 35 04	24.3286	0.1443	G24.329+0.144	G24.33+0.14	Image	22 GHz;	38.9;131.1	110.9	12.5	47.968	NRO	0.5	0.170	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	9.160		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
27	18 35 40.1	-07 18 35	24.6333	0.1533	G24.633+0.154	G24.63+0.15	Image	22 GHz;	28.6;31.9	28.9	0.9	1.745	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR	3.370		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
28	18 36 31.5	-07 04 16	24.9429	0.0744	G24.942+0.075	G24.94+0.07	Image	22 GHz;	30.0;49.9	42.9	96.5	125.347	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	2.770		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
29	18 38 57	-07 00 48	25.2705	-0.4336	G25.270-0.434	G25.27-0.43	Image	22 GHz;	53.8;56.5	54.6	2.3	5.169	NRO	0.5	0.170	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	11.220		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
30	18 38 8.1	-06 46 53	25.3838	-0.1475	G25.387-0.147	G25.38-0.15	Image	22 GHz;	54.6;97.2	96.9	1.4	3.526	NRO	0.5	0.180	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	5.210		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
31	18 44 3.6	-04 38 02	27.9678	-0.4748	G27.968-0.475	G27.97-0.47	Image	22 GHz;	46.8;74.8	72.1	13.7	61.551	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II	SFR	2.860		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
32	18 53 16.4	+01 15 07	34.2553	0.1626	G34.257+0.153	G34.26+0.15	Image	22 GHz;	-46;120.1	60.8	182.8	1167.865	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED	3.520		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
33	18 53 15	+01 17 11	34.2833	0.1834	G34.283+0.183	G34.28+0.18	Image	22 GHz;	60.5;63.7	60.8	0.8	0.776	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.380		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
34	18 53 19	+01 24 08	34.3940	0.2214	G34.403+0.231	G34.39+0.22	Image	22 GHz;	30.8;65.1	61.6	20.8	97.743	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +OH		1.560		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
35	18 53 17.9	+01 25 25	34.4110	0.2353	G34.403+0.231	G34.41+0.24	Image	22 GHz;	8.2;103.1	56.5	219.2	823.427	NRO	0.5	0.130	73	+H₂O +OH		1.560		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
36	18 54 0.5	+02 01 18	35.0241	0.3501	G35.025+0.350	G35.03+0.35	Image	22 GHz;	36.8;60.0	44.6	31.1	62.190	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.240		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
37	18 58 6.4	+01 37 01	35.1313	-0.7458	G35.132-0.746	G35.13-0.74	Image	22 GHz;	-20.9;85.3	36.0	811.8	2695.104	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	2.110		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
38	18 52 36.6	+02 20 26	35.1487	0.8064	G35.149+0.809	G35.15+0.80	Image	22 GHz;	66.2;79.1	76.9	12.3	18.202	NRO	0.5	0.120	73	+H₂O -OH	SFR	4.470		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
39	18 58 12.9	+01 40 33	35.1961	-0.7430	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74	Image	22 GHz;	21.9;38.9	31.1	12.4	36.304	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	2.190		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
40	18 57 05	+02 22 00	35.6816	-0.1760	G35.682-0.176	G35.68-0.18	Image	22 GHz;	27.9;30.9	29.8	5.7	8.467	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II	SFR	1.760		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
41	18 57 16.7	+02 27 56	35.7919	-0.1742	G35.793-0.175	G35.79-0.17	Image	22 GHz;	57.6;64.6	63.3	6.4	19.012	NRO	0.5	0.180	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.730		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
42	19 00 07	+03 59 53	37.4787	-0.1043	G37.479-0.105	G37.48-0.10	Image	22 GHz;	49.0;61.7	53.9	4.8	9.946	NRO	0.5	0.070	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.590		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
43	18 59 7.5	+04 12 31	37.5530	0.2119	G37.554+0.201	G37.55+0.20	Image	22 GHz;	83.5;89.7	84.8	2.9	9.951	NRO	0.5	0.170	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	5.670		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
44	19 00 58.1	+05 42 44	39.1002	0.4910	G39.100+0.491	G39.10+0.49	Image	22 GHz;	23.1;24.7	23.9	1.8	2.180	NRO	0.5	0.080	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	1.470		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
45	19 03 45.3	+05 40 43	39.3877	-0.1406	G39.388-0.141	G39.39-0.14	Image	22 GHz;	62.5;65.7	64.9	0.4	0.613	NRO	0.5	0.080	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.220		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
46	19 05 41.3	+06 26 13	40.2821	-0.2197	G40.282-0.220	G40.28-0.22	Image	22 GHz;	63.9;97.3	72.8	59.3	131.506	NRO	0.5	0.070	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	4.980		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
47	19 11 38.9	+08 46 39	43.0399	-0.4516	G43.038-0.453	G43.04-0.45(a)	Image	22 GHz;	45.7;61.9	48.4	2.0	8.053	NRO	0.5	0.090	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.910		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
48	19 11 39.1	+08 46 32	43.0386	-0.4532	G43.038-0.453	G43.04-0.45(b)	Image	22 GHz;	-11;58.0	57.2	1.3	6.395	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	3.890		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
49	19 14 25.6	+11 09 28	45.4661	0.0458	G45.466+0.053	G45.47+0.05	Image	22 GHz;	47.9;74.0	50.8	4.0	16.435	NRO	0.5	0.090	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	4.770		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
50	19 14 7.3	+11 12 16	45.4727	0.1338	G45.477+0.130	G45.47+0.13	Image	22 GHz;	56.6;67.7	57.1	1.6	1.946	NRO	0.5	0.120	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	4.690		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
51	19 14 13	+11 13 30	45.5017	0.1227	G45.477+0.130	G45.50+0.12	Image	22 GHz;	57.7;74.1	58.8	3.7	7.566	NRO	0.5	0.150	73	+H₂O +OH	SFR	4.700		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
52	19 16 31.1	+11 16 11	45.8039	-0.3561	G45.804-0.356	G45.80-0.36	Image	22 GHz;	55.3;64.4	63.1	8.4	11.527	NRO	0.5	0.120	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	6.960		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
53	19 22 41.9	+14 10 12	49.0722	-0.3272	G49.072-0.327	G49.07-0.33	Image	22 GHz;	57.7;58.5	58.0	0.9	0.837	NRO	0.5	0.140	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED	5.500		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
54	19 23 6.7	+14 20 13	49.2667	-0.3367	G49.267-0.337	G49.27-0.34	Image	22 GHz;	69.3;70.1	69.6	1.8	1.416	NRO	0.5	0.180	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	5.480		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
55	19 20 59.1	+14 46 53	49.4162	0.3266	G49.416+0.326	G49.42+0.33	Image	22 GHz;	-182.6;-25.4	-28.7	2.9	7.018	NRO	0.5	0.080	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED	12.020		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
56	19 21 47.5	+15 14 26	49.9131	0.3707	G49.913+0.370	G49.91+0.37	Image	22 GHz;	5.5;5.8	5.5	0.6	0.317	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I	SFR	0.530		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
57	19 25 32.8	+15 15 38	50.3589	-0.4179	G50.370-0.417	G50.36-0.42	Image	22 GHz;	45.2;45.5	45.2	0.2	0.128	NRO	0.5	0.050	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	SFR_MIXED	3.020		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
58	19 31 23	+18 33 00	53.9155	-0.0719	G53.915-0.072	G53.92-0.07	Image	22 GHz;	45.8;47.1	46.9	0.3	0.430	NRO	0.5	0.050	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I	SFR	4.950		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
59	19 31 48.8	+18 42 57	54.1098	-0.0813	G54.110-0.081	G54.11-0.08	Image	22 GHz;	28.2;48.2	36.0	12.1	70.951	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II	SFR	3.850		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
60	19 28 26.4	+19 32 15	54.4485	1.0120	G54.448+1.012	G54.45+1.01	Image	22 GHz;	-33.1;37.6	-5.6	3.7	14.909	NRO	0.5	0.160	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.220		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
61	19 28 25.7	+19 32 20	54.4484	1.0151	G54.448+1.012	G54.45+1.02	Image	22 GHz;	-33.1;71.0	-5.6	5.3	25.161	NRO	0.5	0.170	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.240		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
62	19 38 49.6	+23 08 40	58.7756	0.6425	G58.775+0.647	G58.78+0.64	Image	22 GHz;	27.9;40.1	35.2	18.8	24.489	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O -OH	SFR	4.350		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
63	19 38 49.2	+23 08 50	58.7773	0.6452	G58.775+0.647	G58.78+0.65	Image	22 GHz;	27.9;39.8	35.2	15.6	20.091	NRO	0.5	0.110	73	+H₂O -OH	SFR	4.350		2008-2010 Jan-Feb
64	19 41 3.1	+24 01 15	59.7895	0.6307	G59.789+0.631	G59.79+0.63	Image	22 GHz;	27.5;37.4	35.5	16.3	24.380	NRO	0.5	0.100	73	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR	4.230		2008-2010 Jan-Feb

Non-detection table from Cyganowski et al. (2013)