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TOW17 - VLA Survey of Dense Gas in Extended Green Objects: Prevalence of 25 GHz Methanol Masers

Interferometry data

Short title: Towner et al. (2017)
Authors: Towner, A. P. M. Brogan, C. L. Hunter, T. R. Cyganowski, C. J. McGuire, B. A. Indebetouw, R. Friesen, R. K. Chandler, C. J.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Volume 230, Issue 2, article id. 22, 19 pp. (2017).
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR,EGO
Transitions: SiO_1-0v0,CH3OH_25-30_GHz(I),CH3OH_36(I),CH3OH_44(I),CH3OH_84(I),CH3OH_95(I),CH3OH_6(II),CH3OH_37(II),CH3OH_38(II)

Abstract
We present 1-4 arcsec resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations of four CH₃OH {J}₂{--}{J}₁-E 25 GHz transitions (J = 3, 5, 8, 10) along with the 1.3 cm continuum toward 20 regions of active massive star formation containing Extended Green Objects (EGOs), 14 of which we have previously studied with the VLA in the Class I 44 GHz and Class II 6.7 GHz maser lines. Sixteen regions are detected in at least one 25 GHz line (J = 5), with 13 of 16 exhibiting maser emission. In total, we report 34 new sites of CH₃OH maser emission and 10 new sites of thermal CH₃OH emission, significantly increasing the number of 25 GHz Class I CH₃OH masers observed at high angular resolution. We identify probable or likely maser counterparts at 44 GHz for all 15 of the 25 GHz masers for which we have complementary data, providing further evidence that these masers trace similar physical conditions despite uncorrelated flux densities. The sites of thermal and maser emission of CH₃OH are both predominantly associated with the 4.5 mum emission from the EGO, and the presence of thermal CH₃OH emission is accompanied by 1.3 cm continuum emission in 9 out of 10 cases. Of the 19 regions that exhibit 1.3 cm continuum emission, it is associated with the EGO in 16 cases (out of a total of 20 sites), 13 of which are new detections at 1.3 cm. Twelve of the 1.3 cm continuum sources are associated with 6.7 GHz maser emission and likely trace deeply embedded massive protostars. eprintid: arXiv:1705.06825	Comments: 20 regions of active massive star formation containing Extended Green Objects (EGOs)

Abstract

We present 1-4 arcsec resolution Very Large Array (VLA) observations of four CH₃OH {J}₂{--}{J}₁-E 25 GHz transitions (J = 3, 5, 8, 10) along with the 1.3 cm continuum toward 20 regions of active massive star formation containing Extended Green Objects (EGOs), 14 of which we have previously studied with the VLA in the Class I 44 GHz and Class II 6.7 GHz maser lines. Sixteen regions are detected in at least one 25 GHz line (J = 5), with 13 of 16 exhibiting maser emission. In total, we report 34 new sites of CH₃OH maser emission and 10 new sites of thermal CH₃OH emission, significantly increasing the number of 25 GHz Class I CH₃OH masers observed at high angular resolution. We identify probable or likely maser counterparts at 44 GHz for all 15 of the 25 GHz masers for which we have complementary data, providing further evidence that these masers trace similar physical conditions despite uncorrelated flux densities. The sites of thermal and maser emission of CH₃OH are both predominantly associated with the 4.5 mum emission from the EGO, and the presence of thermal CH₃OH emission is accompanied by 1.3 cm continuum emission in 9 out of 10 cases. Of the 19 regions that exhibit 1.3 cm continuum emission, it is associated with the EGO in 16 cases (out of a total of 20 sites), 13 of which are new detections at 1.3 cm. Twelve of the 1.3 cm continuum sources are associated with 6.7 GHz maser emission and likely trace deeply embedded massive protostars. eprintid:

Comments:
20 regions of active massive star formation containing Extended Green Objects (EGOs)

Input tables: Table 2 and 5
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Detection table from Towner et al. (2017)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	RMS	Beam	PA	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)						CH₃OH (class I)	(km/s)	(mJy)		(mJy/beam)	(arcsec)	(deg.)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+18 06 18.3	-21 37 31			8.668205	-0.353413	G8.669-0.356		G08.67-0.35	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.120	0.81 x 0.59	65.4	+H₂O +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2011 Jan 22 and Feb 05
	+18 06 18.596	-21 37 22.72	4440 mas	8280.8 mas	8.670772	-0.353291		1	G08.67-0.35_a				38.2	10 (3)
	+18 06 18.881	-21 37 18.9	8715 mas	12100.8 mas	8.672237	-0.353737		2	G08.67-0.35_b				38.2	13 (2)
	+18 06 19.003	-21 37 26.34	10545 mas	4660.8 mas	8.670664	-0.355158		3	G08.67-0.35_c				35	44 (2)
	+18 06 19.019	-21 37 32.15	10785 mas	-1149.2 mas	8.669286	-0.356000		4	G08.67-0.35_d				36.2	130 (10)
	+18 06 19.036	-21 37 40.18	11040 mas	-9179.2 mas	8.667371	-0.357146		5	G08.67-0.35_e				33.4	99 (3)
	+18 06 19.101	-21 37 27.05	12015 mas	3950.8 mas	8.670677	-0.355585		6	G08.67-0.35_f				36.2	23 (3)
	+18 06 19.162	-21 37 23.95	12930 mas	7050.8 mas	8.671544	-0.355371		7	G08.67-0.35_g				35.4	28 (2)
	+18 06 19.168	-21 37 25.427	13020 mas	5573.8 mas	8.671197	-0.355592		8	G08.67-0.35_h				35.8	791 (9)
	+18 06 19.544	-21 37 14.6	18660 mas	16400.8 mas	8.674533	-0.355395		9	G08.67-0.35_i				36.6	27 (2)
2	+18 08 49.3	-20 05 57			10.28759	-0.124775	G10.323-0.147		G10.29-0.13	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.310	4.52 x 2.38	14	+H₂O +OH	SFR		2010 Sep 13
	+18 08 45.802	-20 05 43.85	-52471.2 mas	13151.2 mas	10.284149	-0.111032		1	G10.29-0.13_a				14.6	288 (7)
	+18 08 52.416	-20 06 3.2	46738.8 mas	-6198.8 mas	10.291994	-0.136274		2	G10.29-0.13_b				15.4	97 (7)
3	+18 09 00	-20 03 35			10.342386	-0.142286	G10.323-0.147		G10.34-0.14	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.290	5.15 x 2.51	21.4	+H₂O +OH	SFR		2010 Sep 09
	+18 08 59.64	-20 03 32.661	-5400 mas	2338.2 mas	10.342272	-0.140738		1	G10.34-0.14_a				14.8	2760 (10)
	+18 08 59.963	-20 03 36.68	-555 mas	-1680.8 mas	10.341908	-0.142385		2	G10.34-0.14_b				12.8	41 (7)
	+18 09 0.738	-20 03 48.3	11070 mas	-13300.8 mas	10.340554	-0.146602		3	G10.34-0.14_c				11.6	36 (5)
4	+18 13 58.1	-18 54 17			11.918467	-0.612618	G11.918-0.613		G11.92-0.61	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.080	1.3 x 0.87	-7.3	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		2010 Aug 25 and 2011 Jan 30
	+18 13 57.715	-18 54 25.836	-5773.8 mas	-8836.8 mas	11.915585	-0.612459		1	G11.92-0.61_a				34	511 (6)
	+18 13 57.739	-18 54 26.64	-5413.8 mas	-9640.8 mas	11.915434	-0.612649		2	G11.92-0.61_b				35.2	35 (2)
	+18 13 57.824	-18 54 8.3	-4138.8 mas	8699.2 mas	11.920069	-0.610506		3	G11.92-0.61_c				36.4	18 (3)
	+18 13 58.109	-18 54 20.21	136.2 mas	-3210.8 mas	11.917701	-0.613076		4	G11.92-0.61_d				36.8	54 (7)
	+18 13 58.715	-18 54 15.57	9226.2 mas	1429.2 mas	11.919975	-0.614557		5	G11.92-0.61_e				36.8	18 (2)
5	+18 13 54.7	-18 01 47			12.680418	-0.182192	G12.681-0.182		G12.68-0.18	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.060	0.87 x 0.54	71	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2011 Jan 29
	+18 13 54.726	-18 01 46.41	388.8 mas	589.2 mas	12.680611	-0.182204		1	G12.68-0.18_a				56	33 (3)
	+18 13 54.763	-18 01 46.54	943.8 mas	459.2 mas	12.680650	-0.182350		2	G12.68-0.18_b				52.4	18 (2)
6	+18 13 48.2	-17 45 39			12.904183	-0.030881	G12.904-0.031		G12.91-0.03	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.050	1.47 x 0.86	-176	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		2010 Dec 11
	+18 13 47.355	-17 45 40.46	-12673.8 mas	-1461.2 mas	12.902222	-0.028131		1	G12.91-0.03_a				55	23 (3)
	+18 13 48.271	-17 45 38.36	1066.2 mas	638.8 mas	12.904474	-0.031043		2	G12.91-0.03_b				57.8	59 (3)
7	+18 18 54.4	-16 47 46			14.332335	-0.643467	G14.332-0.642		G14.33-0.64	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.100	4.63 x 2.45	20	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		2010 Sep 10
	+18 18 54.302	-16 47 53.06	-1471.2 mas	-7060.4 mas	14.330422	-0.644050		1	G14.33-0.64_a				21.6	99 (8)
	+18 18 54.519	-16 47 44.86	1783.8 mas	1139.6 mas	14.332838	-0.643736		2	G14.33-0.64_b				20.4	400 (10)
	+18 18 54.678	-16 47 44.54	4168.8 mas	1459.6 mas	14.333217	-0.644252		3	G14.33-0.64_c				22.4	41 (3)
	+18 18 54.771	-16 47 49.84	5563.8 mas	-3840.4 mas	14.332095	-0.645276		4	G14.33-0.64_d				22.8	58 (3)
8	+18 19 15.4	-16 30 07			14.6312	-0.578264	G14.631-0.577		G14.63-0.58	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.060	4.42 x 2.5	11.4	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		2010 Sep 12
	+18 19 15.46	-16 29 53.18	898.8 mas	13818.4 mas	14.634697	-0.576661		1	G14.63-0.58_a				19.4	19 (3)
9	+18 21 9.1	-14 31 48			16.585318	-0.050549	G16.585-0.051		G16.59-0.05	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.070	1.37 x 0.89	-0.9	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2011 Jan 17
	+18 21 9.104	-14 31 48.69	58.8 mas	-690 mas	16.585157	-0.050654		1	G16.59-0.05_a				58.6	36 (3)
	+18 21 9.131	-14 31 49.86	463.8 mas	-1860 mas	16.584921	-0.050903		2	G16.59-0.05_b				61.4	320 (6)
10	+18 24 53.7	-12 39 20			18.667406	0.025449	G18.666+0.033		G18.67+0.03	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.040	1.31 x 0.81	-2.4	+H₂O +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2011 Jan 07
	+18 24 53.775	-12 39 21.01	1125 mas	-1008.4 mas	18.667301	0.025049		1	G18.67+0.03_a				78.2	12 (2)
11	+18 26 25.8	-12 03 57			19.363916	-0.030776	G19.364-0.030		G19.36-0.03	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.110	4.62 x 2.67	22.6	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		2010 Aug 22
	+18 26 25.604	-12 03 47.44	-2940 mas	9558.8 mas	19.365893	-0.028831		1	G19.36-0.03_a				26	130 (3)
	+18 26 25.765	-12 03 51.113	-525 mas	5885.8 mas	19.365296	-0.029887		2	G19.36-0.03_b				26.4	91 (4)
	+18 26 25.803	-12 03 53.43	45 mas	3568.8 mas	19.364799	-0.030324		3	G19.36-0.03_c				27.6	46 (2)
	+18 26 25.957	-12 03 59.547	2355 mas	-2548.2 mas	19.363588	-0.031672		4	G19.36-0.03_d				26.4	6390 (20)
12	+18 30 34.7	-09 34 47			22.038645	0.222285	G22.039+0.222		G22.04+0.22	Image	Descr	24.959 GHz (I);			NRAOVLA	0.110	4.02 x 2.64	19	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		2010 Aug 30
	+18 30 34.603	-09 34 48.087	-1453.8 mas	-1087.8 mas	22.038193	0.222499		1	G22.04+0.22_a				51.8	7650 (30)
	+18 30 34.682	-09 34 46.91	-268.8 mas	89.2 mas	22.038633	0.222363		2	G22.04+0.22_b				50.2	200 (20)
	+18 30 34.729	-09 34 53.56	436.2 mas	-6560.8 mas	22.037085	0.221336		3	G22.04+0.22_c				50.2	342 (7)

Non-detection table from Towner et al. (2017)