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RYG12 - Parallaxes and proper motions of interstellar masers toward the Cygnus X star-forming complex. I. Membership of the Cygnus X region

Interferometry data

Short title: Rygl et al. (2012)
Authors: Rygl, K. L. J.Brunthaler, A.Sanna, A.Menten, K. M.Reid, M. J.van Langevelde, H. J.Honma, M.Torstensson, K. J. E.Fujisawa, K.
Journal: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 539, id.A79, 12 pp.
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR

Abstract
Context. Whether the Cygnus X complex consists of one physically connected region of star formation or of multiple independent regions projected close together on the sky has been debated for decades. The main reason for this puzzling scenario is the lack of trustworthy distance measurements. Aims: We aim to understand the structure and dynamics of the star-forming regions toward Cygnus X by accurate distance and proper motion measurements. Methods: To measure trigonometric parallaxes, we observed 6.7 GHz methanol and 22 GHz water masers with the European VLBI Network and the Very Long Baseline Array. Results: We measured the trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of five massive star-forming regions toward the Cygnus X complex and report the following distances within a 10% accuracy: 1.30^+0.07_-0.07 kpc for W75N, 1.46^+0.09_-0.08 kpc for DR20, 1.50^+0.08_-0.07 kpc for DR21, 1.36^+0.12_-0.11 kpc for IRAS 20290+4052, and 3.33^+0.11_-0.11 kpc for AFGL 2591. While the distances of W 75N, DR 20, DR 21, and IRAS 20290+4052 are consistent with a single distance of 1.40 Â� 0.08 kpc for the Cygnus X complex, AFGL 2591 is located at a much greater distance than previously assumed. The space velocities of the four star-forming regions in the Cygnus X complex do not suggest an expanding StrÃ�mgren sphere.

Abstract

Context. Whether the Cygnus X complex consists of one physically connected region of star formation or of multiple independent regions projected close together on the sky has been debated for decades. The main reason for this puzzling scenario is the lack of trustworthy distance measurements.
Aims: We aim to understand the structure and dynamics of the star-forming regions toward Cygnus X by accurate distance and proper motion measurements.
Methods: To measure trigonometric parallaxes, we observed 6.7 GHz methanol and 22 GHz water masers with the European VLBI Network and the Very Long Baseline Array.
Results: We measured the trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of five massive star-forming regions toward the Cygnus X complex and report the following distances within a 10% accuracy: 1.30^+0.07_-0.07 kpc for W75N, 1.46^+0.09_-0.08 kpc for DR20, 1.50^+0.08_-0.07 kpc for DR21, 1.36^+0.12_-0.11 kpc for IRAS 20290+4052, and 3.33^+0.11_-0.11 kpc for AFGL 2591. While the distances of W 75N, DR 20, DR 21, and IRAS 20290+4052 are consistent with a single distance of 1.40 Â� 0.08 kpc for the Cygnus X complex, AFGL 2591 is located at a much greater distance than previously assumed. The space velocities of the four star-forming regions in the Cygnus X complex do not suggest an expanding StrÃ�mgren sphere.

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Detection table from Rygl et al. (2012)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Line	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	Beam	PA	Detection	Class	Distance	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)				H₂O	(km/s)	(Jy/beam)		(km/s)	(arcsec)	(deg.)	Yes/No		(kpc)	(kpc)
1	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.8			81.871261	0.780643	G81.871+0.781		W 75N	22 GHz;	2.9 .. 9.56	23.8	VLBA	0.42	4.87 x 3.65	-50.7	+H₂O +OH	SFR_MIXED	1.300		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		1	W 75N		9.56
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		2	W 75N		9.23
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		3	W 75N		9.23
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		4	W 75N		9.23
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		5	W 75N		8.88
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		6	W 75N		8.88
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		7	W 75N		6.77
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		8	W 75N		4.31
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		9	W 75N		3.26
	+20 38 36.426	+42 37 34.7988	0 mas	0 mas	81.871260	0.780642		10	W 75N		2.9
2	+20 39 1.993	+42 24 59.29			81.75231	0.590747	G81.764+0.596		DR 21A	22 GHz;	-9.4 .. -5.54	1.4	VLBA	0.42	4.95 x 3.8	-50	+H₂O +OH	SFR	1.500		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		1	DR 21A		-5.54
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		2	DR 21A		-5.89
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		3	DR 21A		-6.59
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		4	DR 21A		-6.94
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		5	DR 21A		-9.05
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		6	DR 21A		-9.05
	+20 39 1.99296	+42 24 59.2884	0 mas	0 mas	81.752310	0.590747		7	DR 21A		-9.4
3	+20 39 0.376	+42 24 37.11			81.744394	0.590948	G81.764+0.596		DR 21B	22 GHz;	3.96	1.3	VLBA	0.42	4.9 x 3.77	-52.1	+H₂O +OH	SFR	1.500		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 39 0.37608	+42 24 37.1088	0 mas	0 mas	81.744394	0.590948		1	DR 21B		3.96
4	+20 39 1.057	+42 22 49.18			81.72187	0.57105	G81.713+0.567		DR 21(OH)	22 GHz;	-3.43 .. -2.72	0.15	VLBA	0.42	4.9 x 3.8	-51.3	+H₂O +OH	SFR	1.500		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 39 1.05696	+42 22 49.1808	0 mas	0 mas	81.721870	0.571051		1	DR 21(OH)		-2.72
	+20 39 1.05696	+42 22 49.1808	0 mas	0 mas	81.721870	0.571051		2	DR 21(OH)		-3.07
	+20 39 1.05696	+42 22 49.1808	0 mas	0 mas	81.721870	0.571051		3	DR 21(OH)		-3.43
5	+20 37 0.962	+41 34 55.7			80.861484	0.383294	G80.861+0.383		DR 20	22 GHz;	-4.48 .. -3.78	0.8	VLBA	0.42	4.91 x 3.82	-50.8	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR	1.460		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 37 0.96192	+41 34 55.7004	0 mas	0 mas	80.861484	0.383294		1	DR 20		-3.78
	+20 37 0.96192	+41 34 55.7004	0 mas	0 mas	80.861484	0.383294		2	DR 20		-4.13
	+20 37 0.96192	+41 34 55.7004	0 mas	0 mas	80.861484	0.383294		3	DR 20		-4.48
6	+20 30 50.673	+41 02 27.54			79.735703	0.990448	G79.736+0.990		IRAS 20290+4052	22 GHz;	-5.89 .. -5.54	2.3	VLBA	0.42	4.91 x 3.74	-48.6	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	1.360		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 30 50.6731	+41 02 27.5388	0 mas	0 mas	79.735703	0.990448		1	IRAS 20290+4052		-5.54
	+20 30 50.6731	+41 02 27.5388	0 mas	0 mas	79.735703	0.990448		2	IRAS 20290+4052		-5.89
7	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59			78.886646	0.708935	G78.887+0.709		AFGL 2591	22 GHz;	-10.9 .. -4.58	17.7	VLBA	0.42	0.8 x 0.4	-14.9	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR	3.330		2008 Nov - 2009 Nov
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		1	AFGL 2591		-4.58
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		2	AFGL 2591		-5
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		3	AFGL 2591		-5.84
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		4	AFGL 2591		-7.53
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		5	AFGL 2591		-7.95
	+20 29 24.823	+40 11 19.59	0 mas	0 mas	78.886646	0.708935		6	AFGL 2591		-10.9

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'RYG12' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'RYG12' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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RYG12 - Parallaxes and proper motions of interstellar masers toward the Cygnus X star-forming complex. I. Membership of the Cygnus X region

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Rygl et al. (2012)