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SHA18 - Search for H₂O Maser Flares in Regions of Formation of Massive Stars

Short title: Shakhvorostova et al. (2018)
Authors: Shakhvorostova, N. N.Vol'vach, L. N.Vol'vach, A. E.Dmitrotsa, A. I.Bayandina, O. S.Val'tts, I. E.Alakoz, A. V.Ashimbaeva, N. T.Rudnitskii, G. M.
Journal: Astronomy Reports, Volume 62, Issue 9, pp.584-608
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR
Transitions: H2O_22

Abstract
Results of systematic observations of a sample of bright H₂O maser sources with fluxes, on average, exceeding 200 Jy in their main spectral feature during April-September 2017 (G25.65+1.05, G25.825-0.178, G27.184-0.082, G34.403+0.233, G35.20-0.74, G43.8-0.13, G107.30+5.64) are presented. These observations were carried out in preparation for Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations with an array including the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 22-m radio telescope. All these sources display fairly strong variability during the time interval considered, encompassing fluxes from ~40 to ~2300 Jy. A flare reaching ~17 000 Jy was detected at a velocity of 42.8 km/s in G25.65+1.05 on September 7, 2017, which subsequently grew to 60 000 Jy at the end of September 2017. This suggests the presence of compact maser structures. The velocities covered by various spectral components range from 5 to 20 km/s. In three sources (G25.65+1.05,G25.825-0.178,G35.20-0.74), a general growth in the fluxes of all the spectral features is observed, which may indicate variations in the conditions for pumping by an external source, for example, variations in the infrared flux from a central source or the passage of a shock. Possible evidence for the presence of bipolar outflows or disk structures in G25.65+1.05 is discussed.

Abstract

Results of systematic observations of a sample of bright H₂O maser sources with fluxes, on average, exceeding 200 Jy in their main spectral feature during April-September 2017 (G25.65+1.05, G25.825-0.178, G27.184-0.082, G34.403+0.233, G35.20-0.74, G43.8-0.13, G107.30+5.64) are presented. These observations were carried out in preparation for Very Long Baseline Interferometry observations with an array including the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory 22-m radio telescope. All these sources display fairly strong variability during the time interval considered, encompassing fluxes from ~40 to ~2300 Jy. A flare reaching ~17 000 Jy was detected at a velocity of 42.8 km/s in G25.65+1.05 on September 7, 2017, which subsequently grew to 60 000 Jy at the end of September 2017. This suggests the presence of compact maser structures. The velocities covered by various spectral components range from 5 to 20 km/s. In three sources (G25.65+1.05,G25.825-0.178,G35.20-0.74), a general growth in the fluxes of all the spectral features is observed, which may indicate variations in the conditions for pumping by an external source, for example, variations in the infrared flux from a central source or the passage of a shock. Possible evidence for the presence of bipolar outflows or disk structures in G25.65+1.05 is discussed.

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Detection table from Shakhvorostova et al. (2018)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_range	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)					H₂O	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)		(km/s)	(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	18 34 20.8	-05 59 42.2	25.6495	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.05	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	39.1;57.5	41.65	730.6	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		April 25 2017
	18 34 20.8	-05 59 42.2	25.6495	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.05			22 GHz;	37.18;53.53	53.53	461.6	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		May 26 2017
	18 34 20.8	-05 59 42.2	25.6495	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.05			22 GHz;	37.45;53.97	53.97	555.7	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		June 13 2017
	18 34 20.8	-05 59 42.2	25.6495	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.05			22 GHz;	37.07;53.11	42.2	435.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		July 24 2017
	18 34 20.8	-05 59 42.2	25.6495	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.05			22 GHz;	37.04;53.52	42.78	16841	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		September 7 2017
6	18 39 3.6	-06 24 11.2	25.8253	-0.1781	G25.826-0.178	G25.825-0.178	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	80.8;92.81	92.81	216.9	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		April 25 2017
	18 39 3.6	-06 24 11.2	25.8253	-0.1781	G25.826-0.178	G25.825-0.178			22 GHz;	79.63;92.68	84.38	310.8	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		May 26 2017
	18 39 3.6	-06 24 11.2	25.8253	-0.1781	G25.826-0.178	G25.825-0.178			22 GHz;	79.45;92.26	84.25	353.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		June 13 2017
	18 39 3.6	-06 24 11.2	25.8253	-0.1781	G25.826-0.178	G25.825-0.178			22 GHz;	78.91;91.46	89.49	251.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		July 24 2017
	18 39 3.6	-06 24 11.2	25.8253	-0.1781	G25.826-0.178	G25.825-0.178			22 GHz;	79.5;93.02	91.11	825.6	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		September 7 2017
11	18 41 13.2	-05 09 5.1	27.1840	-0.0823	G27.184-0.082	G27.184-0.082	Image		22 GHz;	16.23;29.32	19.3	799.4	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		April 25 2017
	18 41 13.2	-05 09 5.1	27.1840	-0.0823	G27.184-0.082	G27.184-0.082			22 GHz;	18.53;27.2	19.32	520.6	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		May 26 2017
	18 41 13.2	-05 09 5.1	27.1840	-0.0823	G27.184-0.082	G27.184-0.082			22 GHz;	15.4;20.6	19.2	595.1	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		June 13 2017
	18 41 13.2	-05 09 5.1	27.1840	-0.0823	G27.184-0.082	G27.184-0.082			22 GHz;	15.52;27.04	19.19	458.8	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		July 24 2017
	18 41 13.2	-05 09 5.1	27.1840	-0.0823	G27.184-0.082	G27.184-0.082			22 GHz;	17.45;19.35	17.45	358.7	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		September 7 2017
16	18 53 18	+01 25 26	34.4114	0.2350	G34.403+0.232	G34.403+0.233	Image		22 GHz;	50.54;77.35	56.53	910	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		April 25 2017
	18 53 18	+01 25 26	34.4114	0.2350	G34.403+0.232	G34.403+0.233			22 GHz;	50.65;59.6	56.58	1204.7	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		May 26 2017
	18 53 18	+01 25 26	34.4114	0.2350	G34.403+0.232	G34.403+0.233			22 GHz;	53.82;59.5	56.55	1170.7	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		June 13 2017
	18 53 18	+01 25 26	34.4114	0.2350	G34.403+0.232	G34.403+0.233			22 GHz;	52.1;59.59	56.62	587.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		July 24 2017
	18 53 18	+01 25 26	34.4114	0.2350	G34.403+0.232	G34.403+0.233			22 GHz;	51.16;59.43	56.59	856.1	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		September 7 2017
21	18 58 13.2	+01 40 35.3	35.1972	-0.7439	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74	Image		22 GHz;	29.74;30.91	29.74	142.4	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		April 25 2017
	18 58 13.2	+01 40 35.3	35.1972	-0.7439	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74			22 GHz;	30.03;30.03	30.03	107.8	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		May 26 2017
	18 58 13.2	+01 40 35.3	35.1972	-0.7439	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74			22 GHz;	29.76;29.76	29.76	145.8	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		June 13 2017
	18 58 13.2	+01 40 35.3	35.1972	-0.7439	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74			22 GHz;	30.19;30.19	30.19	201	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		July 24 2017
	18 58 13.2	+01 40 35.3	35.1972	-0.7439	G35.197-0.743	G35.20-0.74			22 GHz;	29.94;31.5	30.18	474.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		September 7 2017
26	19 11 54	+09 35 50.5	43.7955	-0.1273	G43.795-0.127	G43.8-0.13	Image		22 GHz;	37.67;40.36	37.67	1444.2	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		April 25 2017
	19 11 54	+09 35 50.5	43.7955	-0.1273	G43.795-0.127	G43.8-0.13			22 GHz;	37.7;40.7	37.7	1160.2	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		May 26 2017
	19 11 54	+09 35 50.5	43.7955	-0.1273	G43.795-0.127	G43.8-0.13			22 GHz;	37.6;43.49	37.6	2331.7	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		June 13 2017
	19 11 54	+09 35 50.5	43.7955	-0.1273	G43.795-0.127	G43.8-0.13			22 GHz;	37.74;42.18	37.74	1283.4	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		July 24 2017
	19 11 54	+09 35 50.5	43.7955	-0.1273	G43.795-0.127	G43.8-0.13			22 GHz;	34.66;40.75	37.77	321.5	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		September 7 2017
31	22 21 27.6	+63 51 45.3	107.3006	5.6406	G107.300+5.640	G107.30+5.64	Image		22 GHz;	-17;-7.32	-16.2	226.4	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		April 25 2017
	22 21 27.6	+63 51 45.3	107.3006	5.6406	G107.300+5.640	G107.30+5.64			22 GHz;	-19.2;-7.73	-17	388.3	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		May 26 2017
	22 21 27.6	+63 51 45.3	107.3006	5.6406	G107.300+5.640	G107.30+5.64			22 GHz;	-17.3;-8.11	-17.3	272.1	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		June 13 2017
	22 21 27.6	+63 51 45.3	107.3006	5.6406	G107.300+5.640	G107.30+5.64			22 GHz;	-19.8;-8.71	-17.3	185.2	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		July 24 2017
	22 21 27.6	+63 51 45.3	107.3006	5.6406	G107.300+5.640	G107.30+5.64			22 GHz;	-19.6;-17.6	-17.6	248.2	RT22_CrAO	0.108	34.000	151.2	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR		September 7 2017

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'SHA18' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'SHA18' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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SHA18 - Search for H2O Maser Flares in Regions of Formation of Massive Stars

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Detection table from Shakhvorostova et al. (2018)

SHA18 - Search for H₂O Maser Flares in Regions of Formation of Massive Stars