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NEU13 - Herschel/HIFI Observations of a New Interstellar Water Maser: The 5₃₂-4₄₁ Transition at 620.701 GHz

Short title: Neufeld et al. (2013)
Authors: Neufeld, David A.Wu, YuanweiKraus, AlexMenten, Karl M.Tolls, VolkerMelnick, Gary J.Nagy, Zsofia
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 769, Issue 1, article id. 48, 16 pp. (2013).
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR
Transitions: H2O_620

Abstract
Using the Herschel Space Observatory's Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared, we have performed mapping observations of the 620.701 GHz 5₃₂-4₄₁ transition of ortho-H₂O within a ~1.5' x 1.5' region encompassing the Kleinmann-Low nebula in Orion (Orion-KL), and pointed observations of that transition toward the Orion South condensation and the W49N region of high-mass star formation. Using the Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope, we obtained ancillary observations of the 22.23508 GHz 6₁₆-5₂₃ water maser transition in the case of Orion-KL, the 621 GHz and 22 GHz observations were carried out within 10 days of each other. The 621 GHz water line emission shows clear evidence for strong maser amplification in all three sources, exhibiting narrow (~1 km s^-1 FWHM) emission features that are coincident (kinematically and/or spatially) with observed 22 GHz features. Moreover, in the case of W49N for which observations were available at three epochs spanning a 2 yr period � the spectra exhibited variability. The observed 621 GHz/22 GHz line ratios are consistent with a maser pumping model in which the population inversions arise from the combined effects of collisional excitation and spontaneous radiative decay, and the inferred physical conditions can plausibly arise in gas heated by either dissociative or non-dissociative shocks. The collisional excitation model also predicts that the 22 GHz population inversion will be quenched at higher densities than that of the 621 GHz transition, providing a natural explanation for the observational fact that 22 GHz maser emission appears to be a necessary but insufficient condition for 621 GHz maser emission. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

Abstract

Using the Herschel Space Observatory's Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared, we have performed mapping observations of the 620.701 GHz 5₃₂-4₄₁ transition of ortho-H₂O within a ~1.5' x 1.5' region encompassing the Kleinmann-Low nebula in Orion (Orion-KL), and pointed observations of that transition toward the Orion South condensation and the W49N region of high-mass star formation. Using the Effelsberg 100 m radio telescope, we obtained ancillary observations of the 22.23508 GHz 6₁₆-5₂₃ water maser transition in the case of Orion-KL, the 621 GHz and 22 GHz observations were carried out within 10 days of each other. The 621 GHz water line emission shows clear evidence for strong maser amplification in all three sources, exhibiting narrow (~1 km s^-1 FWHM) emission features that are coincident (kinematically and/or spatially) with observed 22 GHz features. Moreover, in the case of W49N for which observations were available at three epochs spanning a 2 yr period � the spectra exhibited variability. The observed 621 GHz/22 GHz line ratios are consistent with a maser pumping model in which the population inversions arise from the combined effects of collisional excitation and spontaneous radiative decay, and the inferred physical conditions can plausibly arise in gas heated by either dissociative or non-dissociative shocks. The collisional excitation model also predicts that the 22 GHz population inversion will be quenched at higher densities than that of the 621 GHz transition, providing a natural explanation for the observational fact that 22 GHz maser emission appears to be a necessary but insufficient condition for 621 GHz maser emission.

Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

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Detection table from Neufeld et al. (2013)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Line	V_range	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)			H₂O	(km/s)	(Jy)		(km/s)	(mK)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	05 35 14.3	-05 22 23.2	208.9908	-19.3845	G208.993-19.385	Orion-KL	620 GHz;	-40;60	4.17E-16	Herschel	0.27	65.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED		11.03.2011
	05 35 14.3	-05 22 23.2	208.9908	-19.3845	G208.993-19.385	Orion-KL	620 GHz;	-40;60	1.86E-17	Herschel	0.27	65.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED		11.03.2011
	05 35 14.3	-05 22 23.2	208.9908	-19.3845	G208.993-19.385	Orion-KL	620 GHz;	10;13	1.86E-17	Herschel	0.27	65.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED		11.03.2011
	05 35 14.3	-05 22 23.2	208.9908	-19.3845	G208.993-19.385	Orion-KL	620 GHz;	10;13	1.86E-17	Herschel	0.27	65.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED		11.03.2011
5	05 35 13.4	-05 24 8.1	209.0166	-19.4009	G209.015-19.405	Orion S	620 GHz;	-30;30	1.67E-17	Herschel	0.27	30.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		31.08.2010
	05 35 13.4	-05 24 8.1	209.0166	-19.4009	G209.015-19.405	Orion S	620 GHz;	4;7	8.95E-18	Herschel	0.27	30.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		31.08.2010
7	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	-80;100	5.22E-15	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	-10;-5	1.54E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	-5;0	1.79E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	0;5	2.11E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	5;10	2.80E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	10;15	2.49E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012
	19 10 13.2	+09 06 12	43.1658	0.0118	G43.167+0.011	W49N	620 GHz;	15;20	2.04E-16	Herschel	0.27	16.000	34	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		11.04.2010-14.04.2012

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'NEU13' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'NEU13' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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NEU13 - Herschel/HIFI Observations of a New Interstellar Water Maser: The 532-441 Transition at 620.701 GHz

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Detection table from Neufeld et al. (2013)

NEU13 - Herschel/HIFI Observations of a New Interstellar Water Maser: The 5₃₂-4₄₁ Transition at 620.701 GHz