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GOD11 - Infall and outflow within 400 AU from a high-mass protostar. 3D velocity fields from methanol and water masers in AFLG 5142

Short title: Goddi et al. (2011)
Authors: Goddi, C.Moscadelli, L.Sanna, A.
Journal: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 535, id.L8, 5 pp.
Bibcode:

Target type: Low_mass_SFR
Transitions: H2O_22

Abstract
Observational signatures of infalling envelopes and outflowing material in early stages of protostellar evolution and at small radii from the protostar are essential to progress in the understanding of the mass-accretion process in star formation. In this Letter, we report a detailed study on the accretion and outflow structure around a protostar in the well-known high-mass star-forming region AFGL 5142. We focus on the mm source MM-1, which exhibits hot-core chemistry, radio continuum emission, and strong water (H2O) and methanol (CH3OH) masers. Remarkably, our Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of molecular masers over six years provided us with the 3D velocity field of circumstellar molecular gas with a resolution of 0.001-0.005'' and at radii < 0.''23 (or 400 AU) from the protostar. In particular, our measurements of CH3OH maser emission for the first time provided a direct measurement of the infall of a molecular envelope (radius of 300 AU and velocity of 5 km s-1) onto an intermediate- to high-mass protostar. We estimate an infall rate of 6 × 10-4 n8 M⊙ yr-1, where n8 is the ambient volume density in units of 108 cm-3 (required for maser excitation). In addition, our measurements of the H2O maser (and radio continuum) emission identify a collimated bipolar molecular outflow (and ionized jet) from MM-1. The evidence of simultaneous accretion and outflow at small spatial scales makes AFGL 5142 an extremely compelling target for high-angular resolution studies of high-mass star formation.

Abstract

Observational signatures of infalling envelopes and outflowing material in early stages of protostellar evolution and at small radii from the protostar are essential to progress in the understanding of the mass-accretion process in star formation. In this Letter, we report a detailed study on the accretion and outflow structure around a protostar in the well-known high-mass star-forming region AFGL 5142. We focus on the mm source MM-1, which exhibits hot-core chemistry, radio continuum emission, and strong water (H2O) and methanol (CH3OH) masers. Remarkably, our Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations of molecular masers over six years provided us with the 3D velocity field of circumstellar molecular gas with a resolution of 0.001-0.005'' and at radii < 0.''23 (or 400 AU) from the protostar. In particular, our measurements of CH3OH maser emission for the first time provided a direct measurement of the infall of a molecular envelope (radius of 300 AU and velocity of 5 km s-1) onto an intermediate- to high-mass protostar. We estimate an infall rate of 6 × 10-4 n8 M⊙ yr-1, where n8 is the ambient volume density in units of 108 cm-3 (required for maser excitation). In addition, our measurements of the H2O maser (and radio continuum) emission identify a collimated bipolar molecular outflow (and ionized jet) from MM-1. The evidence of simultaneous accretion and outflow at small spatial scales makes AFGL 5142 an extremely compelling target for high-angular resolution studies of high-mass star formation.

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Detection table from Goddi et al. (2011)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	Telescope	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)					H₂O		(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	05 30 48	+33 47 54.5	174.2008	-0.0705	G174.198-0.077	AFGL 5142 MM-1	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	EVN	0.7 x 0.4	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	GALAXY		2003-2009

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GOD11' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GOD11' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

Display data from paper

GOD11 - Infall and outflow within 400 AU from a high-mass protostar. 3D velocity fields from methanol and water masers in AFLG 5142

View as list of objects

Detection table from Goddi et al. (2011)