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ELL14 - Detection of 36 GHz Class I Methanol Maser Emission toward NGC 253

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Short title: Ellingsen et al. (2014)
Authors: Ellingsen, Simon P. Chen, Xi Qiao, Hai-Hua Baan, Willem An, Tao Li, Juan Breen, Shari L.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 790, Issue 2, article id. L28, 5 pp. (2014).
Bibcode:

Target type: Extragalactic
Transitions: CH3OH_23.4(I),CH3OH_36(I),CH3OH_44(I),CH3OH_95(I)

Abstract
We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array to search for emission from the 4_-1 --> 3₀ E transition of methanol (36.2 GHz) toward the center of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253. Two regions of emission were detected, offset from the nucleus along the same position angle as the inner spiral arms. The emission is largely unresolved on a scale of 5'', has a FWHM line width of <30 km s^-1, and an isotropic luminosity orders of a magnitude larger than that observed in any Galactic star formation region. These characteristics suggest that the 36.2 GHz methanol emission is most likely a maser, although observations with higher angular and spectral resolution are required to confirm this. If it is a maser, this represents the first detection of a class I methanol maser outside the Milky Way. The 36.2 GHz methanol emission in NGC 253 has more than an order of magnitude higher isotropic luminosity than the widespread emission recently detected toward the center of the Milky Way. If emission from this transition scales with the nuclear star formation rate, then it may be detectable in the central regions of many starburst galaxies. Detection of methanol emission in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies would open up a new tool for testing for variations in fundamental constants (particularly the proton-to-electron mass ratio) on cosmological scales. eprintid: arXiv:1407.3797

Abstract

We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array to search for emission from the 4_-1 --> 3₀ E transition of methanol (36.2 GHz) toward the center of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253. Two regions of emission were detected, offset from the nucleus along the same position angle as the inner spiral arms. The emission is largely unresolved on a scale of 5'', has a FWHM line width of <30 km s^-1, and an isotropic luminosity orders of a magnitude larger than that observed in any Galactic star formation region. These characteristics suggest that the 36.2 GHz methanol emission is most likely a maser, although observations with higher angular and spectral resolution are required to confirm this. If it is a maser, this represents the first detection of a class I methanol maser outside the Milky Way. The 36.2 GHz methanol emission in NGC 253 has more than an order of magnitude higher isotropic luminosity than the widespread emission recently detected toward the center of the Milky Way. If emission from this transition scales with the nuclear star formation rate, then it may be detectable in the central regions of many starburst galaxies. Detection of methanol emission in ultra-luminous infrared galaxies would open up a new tool for testing for variations in fundamental constants (particularly the proton-to-electron mass ratio) on cosmological scales. eprintid:

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Detection table from Ellingsen et al. (2014)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Line	V_peak	F_peak	∫F dv	Telescope	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)					CH₃OH (class I)	(km/s)	(mJy)	(mJy*km/s)		(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+00 47 33.1	-25 17 18			97.366075	-87.96407	G97.224-87.965		NGC 253	Image	36 GHz (I);	194 .. 350	8.7 .. 10.5	310	ATCA	8 x 4.2	+CH₃OH I	GALAXY		2014 March 29
	+00 47 33.8	-25 17 12	10498.8 mas	5998.8 mas	97.453188	-87.963679		1	NGC 253			194	10.5	310 (50)
	+00 47 32	-25 17 28	-16501.2 mas	-10001.2 mas	97.227210	-87.964818		2	NGC 253			350	8.7	310 (50)

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(met1_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(met1_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(met1_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(met1_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(met1_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(met1_data_all.l) as l,MAX(met1_data_all.b) as b,MAX(met1_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(met1_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(met1_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(met1_data_all.line) as line,MAX(met1_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(met1_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(met1_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(met1_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(met1_data_all.int) as int,MAX(met1_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(met1_data_all.units) as units,MAX(met1_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(met1_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(met1_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(met1_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(met1_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(met1_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(met1_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(met1_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(met1_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(met1_data_all.url) as url,MAX(met1_data_all.image) as image,MAX(met1_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(met1_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(met1_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(met1_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(met1_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(met1_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM met1_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON met1_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON met1_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'ELL14' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select met1_data_all.ra_hms,met1_data_all.dec_dms,met1_data_all.source_name,met1_data_all.ra,met1_data_all.dec,met1_data_all.l,met1_data_all.b,met1_data_all.grp,met1_data_all.other_name,met1_data_all.other_desc,met1_data_all.thermal,met1_data_all.line,met1_data_all.vrange,met1_data_all.vpeak,met1_data_all.peak,met1_data_all.fwhm,met1_data_all.int,met1_data_all.rms,met1_data_all.units,met1_data_all.units_rms,met1_data_all.date_txt,met1_data_all.telescope_ref,met1_data_all.telescope_conf,met1_data_all.v_step,met1_data_all.beam,met1_data_all.beam_maj,met1_data_all.beam_min,met1_data_all.beam_pa,met1_data_all.ref,met1_data_all.list_ref,met1_data_all.ascii,met1_data_all.url,met1_data_all.image,met1_data_all.image2,met1_data_all.image3,met1_data_all.descr,met1_data_all.id,met1_data_all.mjy_flag,met1_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,met1_data_all.dist,met1_data_all.dist_parallax,met1_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM met1_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON met1_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON met1_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'ELL14' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

Display data from paper

ELL14 - Detection of 36 GHz Class I Methanol Maser Emission toward NGC 253

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Ellingsen et al. (2014)