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TOR98 - Radio Continuum-H₂O Maser Systems in NGC 2071: H₂O Masers Tracing a Jet (IRS 1) and a Rotating Proto-planetary Disk of Radius 20 AU (IRS 3)

Interferometry data

Short title: Torrelles et al. (1998)
Authors: Torrelles, Jose M. Gomez, Jose F. Rodriguez, Luis F. Curiel, Salvador Anglada, Guillem Ho, Paul T. P.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 505, Issue 2, pp. 756-765.
Bibcode:

Target type: YSO
Transitions: H2O_22

Abstract
We have observed simultaneously the 1.3 cm continuum and H2O maser emission toward the core of the star-forming region NGC 2071 using the Very Large Array in its A configuration. Two 1.3 cm continuum sources have been detected in the region, coinciding with the infrared sources IRS 1 and IRS 3, respectively. The radio emission in IRS 3 is consistent with an ionized thermal bipolar radio jet. Two clusters of H2O maser spots are detected, one associated with IRS 1 (22 spots) and the other one associated with IRS 3 (13 spots). The H2O maser distribution in IRS 1 seems to be tracing at scales of 300 AU the larger scale H2 outflow observed at a few thousands of AU from the exciting source. On the other hand, the H2O masers in IRS 3 are distributed as an apparent disk of ~=0.05"" (~=20 AU) radius, oriented almost perpendicular to the major axis of the radio jet. There is a clear velocity gradient (~=0.35 km s-1 AU-1) along the major axis of the H2O maser distribution, which can be gravitationally bound by a central mass of ~=1 M⊙. These results, together with the low-mass and early evolutionary stage of IRS 3, suggest that masers around this source are tracing a rotating proto-planetary disk within a proto-solar-like system. This represents direct kinematic evidence of the smallest rotating circumstellar disk ever observed around a young stellar object (YSO). We discuss the dichotomy of H2O masers tracing either outflows or disks around YSOs, based on the evolutionary scheme proposed in our earlier work. We suggested that systems in which H2O masers trace disks are less evolved than those in which masers trace outflows. In this scheme, IRS 3 would then represent a relatively less evolved object than IRS 1. This prediction is consistent with independent infrared observations showing that IRS 3 is at an earlier phase of evolution.

Abstract

We have observed simultaneously the 1.3 cm continuum and H2O maser emission toward the core of the star-forming region NGC 2071 using the Very Large Array in its A configuration. Two 1.3 cm continuum sources have been detected in the region, coinciding with the infrared sources IRS 1 and IRS 3, respectively. The radio emission in IRS 3 is consistent with an ionized thermal bipolar radio jet. Two clusters of H2O maser spots are detected, one associated with IRS 1 (22 spots) and the other one associated with IRS 3 (13 spots). The H2O maser distribution in IRS 1 seems to be tracing at scales of 300 AU the larger scale H2 outflow observed at a few thousands of AU from the exciting source. On the other hand, the H2O masers in IRS 3 are distributed as an apparent disk of ~=0.05"" (~=20 AU) radius, oriented almost perpendicular to the major axis of the radio jet. There is a clear velocity gradient (~=0.35 km s-1 AU-1) along the major axis of the H2O maser distribution, which can be gravitationally bound by a central mass of ~=1 M⊙. These results, together with the low-mass and early evolutionary stage of IRS 3, suggest that masers around this source are tracing a rotating proto-planetary disk within a proto-solar-like system. This represents direct kinematic evidence of the smallest rotating circumstellar disk ever observed around a young stellar object (YSO). We discuss the dichotomy of H2O masers tracing either outflows or disks around YSOs, based on the evolutionary scheme proposed in our earlier work. We suggested that systems in which H2O masers trace disks are less evolved than those in which masers trace outflows. In this scheme, IRS 3 would then represent a relatively less evolved object than IRS 1. This prediction is consistent with independent infrared observations showing that IRS 3 is at an earlier phase of evolution.

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Detection table from Torrelles et al. (1998)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	Configuration	V_step	RMS	Beam	PA	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)						H₂O	(km/s)	(Jy)			(km/s)	(mJy)	(arcsec)	(deg.)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+05 47 4.77973	+00 21 42.8148			205.109949	-14.10892	G205.109-14.109		NGC 2071 IRS 1	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	0.1 .. 23.2	0.04 .. 59.8	NRAOVLA	A	0.66	20.000	0.1 x 0.09	-20	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		1996 Dec 15
	+05 47 4.7505	+00 21 42.7085	-440.095 mas	-106.296 mas	205.109916	-14.109042		1	NGC 2071 IRS 1				2.8	59.8
	+05 47 4.75818	+00 21 42.7103	-324.884 mas	-104.455 mas	205.109932	-14.109013		2	NGC 2071 IRS 1				9.3	7.9
	+05 47 4.761	+00 21 42.7491	-282.546 mas	-65.6594 mas	205.109927	-14.108998		3	NGC 2071 IRS 1				11.3	0.2
	+05 47 4.76205	+00 21 42.6486	-266.833 mas	-166.237 mas	205.109955	-14.109007		4	NGC 2071 IRS 1				15.3	0.4
	+05 47 4.76759	+00 21 42.667	-183.793 mas	-147.839 mas	205.109962	-14.108984		5	NGC 2071 IRS 1				8	0.9
	+05 47 4.76912	+00 21 43.0486	-160.792 mas	233.753 mas	205.109868	-14.108929		6	NGC 2071 IRS 1				5.4	0.1
	+05 47 4.76948	+00 21 42.6847	-155.356 mas	-130.077 mas	205.109961	-14.108975		7	NGC 2071 IRS 1				10	0.9
	+05 47 4.76969	+00 21 42.6807	-152.226 mas	-134.092 mas	205.109962	-14.108975		8	NGC 2071 IRS 1				11.3	1.8
	+05 47 4.7697	+00 21 42.6782	-152.088 mas	-136.593 mas	205.109963	-14.108975		9	NGC 2071 IRS 1				14	2.4
	+05 47 4.76987	+00 21 42.6817	-149.521 mas	-133.105 mas	205.109962	-14.108974		10	NGC 2071 IRS 1				13.3	2.3
	+05 47 4.77172	+00 21 42.6968	-121.848 mas	-118.039 mas	205.109962	-14.108965		11	NGC 2071 IRS 1				16.6	0.3
	+05 47 4.77676	+00 21 42.8652	-46.1796 mas	50.3956 mas	205.109930	-14.108925		12	NGC 2071 IRS 1				0.8	0.5
	+05 47 4.77692	+00 21 42.7952	-43.8192 mas	-19.6167 mas	205.109948	-14.108933		13	NGC 2071 IRS 1				12.6	2.8
	+05 47 4.77702	+00 21 42.8643	-42.284 mas	49.4767 mas	205.109931	-14.108924		14	NGC 2071 IRS 1				5.4	20.4
	+05 47 4.78372	+00 21 42.7675	58.1979 mas	-47.3117 mas	205.109969	-14.108912		15	NGC 2071 IRS 1				6.7	0.3
	+05 47 4.7837	+00 21 42.6675	57.8629 mas	-147.311 mas	205.109994	-14.108925		16	NGC 2071 IRS 1				17.2	0.04
	+05 47 4.78646	+00 21 42.9673	99.3674 mas	152.491 mas	205.109924	-14.108876		17	NGC 2071 IRS 1				12	0.05
	+05 47 4.78793	+00 21 42.8272	121.338 mas	12.3827 mas	205.109962	-14.108889		18	NGC 2071 IRS 1				0.1	0.9
	+05 47 4.78994	+00 21 42.8784	151.437 mas	63.6373 mas	205.109953	-14.108875		19	NGC 2071 IRS 1				23.2	0.1
	+05 47 4.79035	+00 21 42.8781	157.586 mas	63.3075 mas	205.109954	-14.108873		20	NGC 2071 IRS 1				20.5	0.5
	+05 47 4.79407	+00 21 42.878	213.386 mas	63.2369 mas	205.109962	-14.108859		21	NGC 2071 IRS 1				14.6	0.2
	+05 47 4.80907	+00 21 42.6542	438.504 mas	-160.557 mas	205.110049	-14.108834		22	NGC 2071 IRS 1				11.3	0.4
2	+05 47 4.62394	+00 21 47.8192			205.108369	-14.108837	G205.109-14.109		NGC 2071 IRS 3	Image		22 GHz;	-1.9 .. 17.2	0.03 .. 11.2	NRAOVLA	A	0.66	20.000	0.1 x 0.09	-20	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		1996 Dec 15
	+05 47 4.61923	+00 21 48.0962	-69.1408 mas	277.415 mas	205.108290	-14.108818		1	NGC 2071 IRS 3				-1.9	0.1
	+05 47 4.6217	+00 21 47.8951	-32.1655 mas	76.333 mas	205.108346	-14.108835		2	NGC 2071 IRS 3				1.4	11.2
	+05 47 4.62172	+00 21 47.8523	-31.7731 mas	33.5306 mas	205.108356	-14.108841		3	NGC 2071 IRS 3				3.4	1.3
	+05 47 4.62179	+00 21 47.8301	-30.6808 mas	11.325 mas	205.108362	-14.108843		4	NGC 2071 IRS 3				4.1	1
	+05 47 4.6228	+00 21 47.8647	-15.6631 mas	45.8526 mas	205.108355	-14.108835		5	NGC 2071 IRS 3				5.4	6.4
	+05 47 4.62323	+00 21 47.8464	-9.15147 mas	27.6208 mas	205.108361	-14.108836		6	NGC 2071 IRS 3				10	1
	+05 47 4.62423	+00 21 47.8412	5.82364 mas	22.4481 mas	205.108364	-14.108833		7	NGC 2071 IRS 3				10.7	1.1
	+05 47 4.62534	+00 21 47.8134	22.4886 mas	-5.433 mas	205.108374	-14.108833		8	NGC 2071 IRS 3				15.3	0.7
	+05 47 4.62564	+00 21 47.8128	26.9862 mas	-5.95482 mas	205.108374	-14.108832		9	NGC 2071 IRS 3				14.6	0.8
	+05 47 4.62602	+00 21 47.8343	32.6404 mas	15.518 mas	205.108370	-14.108827		10	NGC 2071 IRS 3				11.3	0.9
	+05 47 4.6272	+00 21 47.8308	50.4737 mas	12.0315 mas	205.108373	-14.108823		11	NGC 2071 IRS 3				12	0.7
	+05 47 4.62734	+00 21 47.8245	52.5431 mas	5.72137 mas	205.108375	-14.108824		12	NGC 2071 IRS 3				12.6	0.4
	+05 47 4.62798	+00 21 47.7823	62.0884 mas	-36.5254 mas	205.108387	-14.108827		13	NGC 2071 IRS 3				17.2	0.03

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'TOR98' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'TOR98' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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TOR98 - Radio Continuum-H2O Maser Systems in NGC 2071: H2O Masers Tracing a Jet (IRS 1) and a Rotating Proto-planetary Disk of Radius 20 AU (IRS 3)

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Torrelles et al. (1998)

TOR98 - Radio Continuum-H₂O Maser Systems in NGC 2071: H₂O Masers Tracing a Jet (IRS 1) and a Rotating Proto-planetary Disk of Radius 20 AU (IRS 3)