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SUR11B - The properties and polarization of the H₂O and CH₃OH maser environment of NGC 7538-IRS 1

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Short title: Surcis et al. (2011B)
Authors: Surcis, G.Vlemmings, W. H. T.Torres, R. M.van Langevelde, H. J.Hutawarakorn Kramer, B.
Journal: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 533, id.A47, 13 pp.
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Target type: High_mass_SFR
Observations category: polarization
Facility type: interferometer

Abstract
Context. NGC 7538 is a complex massive star-forming region. The region is composed of several radio continuum sources, one of which is IRS 1, a high-mass protostar, from which a 0.3 pc molecular bipolar outflow was detected. Several maser species have been detected around IRS 1. The CH₃OH masers have been suggested to trace a Keplerian-disk, while the H₂O masers are almost aligned to the outflow. More recent results suggested that the region hosts a torus and potentially a disk, but with a different inclination than the Keplerian-disk that is supposed to be traced by the CH₃OH masers. Aims: Tracing the magnetic field close to protostars is fundamental for determining the orientation of the disk/torus. Recent studies showed that during the protostellar phase of high-mass star formation the magnetic field is oriented along the outflows and around or on the surfaces of the disk/torus. The observations of polarized maser emissions at milliarcsecond resolution can make a crucial contribution to understanding the orientation of the magnetic field and, consequently, the orientation of the disk/torus in NGC 7538-IRS 1. Methods: The NRAO Very Long Baseline Array was used to measure the linear polarization and the Zeeman-splitting of the 22 GHz H₂O masers toward NGC 7538-IRS 1. The European VLBI Network and the MERLIN telescopes were used to measure the linear polarization and the Zeeman-splitting of the 6.7 GHz CH₃OH masers toward the same region. Results: We detected 17 H₂O masers and 49 CH₃OH masers at high angular resolution. We detected linear polarization emission toward two H₂O masers and toward twenty CH₃OH masers. The CH₃OH masers, most of which only show a core structure, seem to trace rotating and potentially infalling gas in the inner part of a torus. Significant Zeeman-splitting was measured in three CH₃OH masers. No significant (3Ïƒ) magnetic field strength was measured using the H₂O masers. We also propose a new description of the structure of the NGC 7538-IRS 1 maser region.

Abstract

Context. NGC 7538 is a complex massive star-forming region. The region is composed of several radio continuum sources, one of which is IRS 1, a high-mass protostar, from which a 0.3 pc molecular bipolar outflow was detected. Several maser species have been detected around IRS 1. The CH₃OH masers have been suggested to trace a Keplerian-disk, while the H₂O masers are almost aligned to the outflow. More recent results suggested that the region hosts a torus and potentially a disk, but with a different inclination than the Keplerian-disk that is supposed to be traced by the CH₃OH masers.
Aims: Tracing the magnetic field close to protostars is fundamental for determining the orientation of the disk/torus. Recent studies showed that during the protostellar phase of high-mass star formation the magnetic field is oriented along the outflows and around or on the surfaces of the disk/torus. The observations of polarized maser emissions at milliarcsecond resolution can make a crucial contribution to understanding the orientation of the magnetic field and, consequently, the orientation of the disk/torus in NGC 7538-IRS 1.
Methods: The NRAO Very Long Baseline Array was used to measure the linear polarization and the Zeeman-splitting of the 22 GHz H₂O masers toward NGC 7538-IRS 1. The European VLBI Network and the MERLIN telescopes were used to measure the linear polarization and the Zeeman-splitting of the 6.7 GHz CH₃OH masers toward the same region.
Results: We detected 17 H₂O masers and 49 CH₃OH masers at high angular resolution. We detected linear polarization emission toward two H₂O masers and toward twenty CH₃OH masers. The CH₃OH masers, most of which only show a core structure, seem to trace rotating and potentially infalling gas in the inner part of a torus. Significant Zeeman-splitting was measured in three CH₃OH masers. No significant (3Ïƒ) magnetic field strength was measured using the H₂O masers. We also propose a new description of the structure of the NGC 7538-IRS 1 maser region.

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Detection table from Surcis et al. (2011B)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)						H₂O	(km/s)	(Jy/beam)		(km/s)	(mJy/beam)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+23 13 45.36	+61 28 10.5			111.542124	0.776926	G111.542+0.769		NGC 7538-IRS 1	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-73.3 .. -43.3	0.13 .. 36.43	VLBA	0.1	7.300	0.001 x 0.0004	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 Nov 21
	+23 13 45.3477	+61 28 10.6407	-185.213 mas	141.908 mas	111.542116	0.776971		1	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-57.8	17.11 (0.07)
	+23 13 45.3482	+61 28 10.6382	-176.468 mas	139.422 mas	111.542116	0.776970		2	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-58.3	1.00 (0.02)
	+23 13 45.3486	+61 28 10.6379	-170.974 mas	139.088 mas	111.542117	0.776969		3	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-58.3	0.48 (0.02)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.4277	-57.6929 mas	-1071.1 mas	111.542007	0.776651		4	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-72.2	0.90 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.44225	-57.447 mas	-1056.55 mas	111.542009	0.776655		5	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-57.3	0.48 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.44217	-57.3376 mas	-1056.63 mas	111.542009	0.776655		6	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-70.3	36.43 (0.02)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.44173	-57.1463 mas	-1057.07 mas	111.542009	0.776655		7	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-73.3	16.99 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.44221	-56.7637 mas	-1056.59 mas	111.542009	0.776655		8	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-67.3	0.15 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.3562	+61 28 9.42872	-56.4631 mas	-1070.08 mas	111.542008	0.776652		9	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-71.6	0.48 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.36	+61 28 10.4988	0 mas	0 mas	111.542124	0.776925		10	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-60.6	7.34 (0.03)
	+23 13 45.3657	+61 28 10.4028	85.5692 mas	-96.002 mas	111.542125	0.776896		11	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-59.7	0.36 (0.02)
	+23 13 45.3673	+61 28 10.4853	110.002 mas	-13.538 mas	111.542136	0.776916		12	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-60.2	0.20 (0.03)
	+23 13 45.3674	+61 28 10.3993	111.669 mas	-99.499 mas	111.542128	0.776894		13	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-60.1	9.31 (0.03)
	+23 13 45.3675	+61 28 10.3423	112.844 mas	-156.492 mas	111.542122	0.776879		14	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-60.1	0.25 (0.03)
	+23 13 45.3701	+61 28 10.4088	151.98 mas	-90.046 mas	111.542133	0.776895		15	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-59.9	1.04 (0.03)
	+23 13 45.3761	+61 28 10.6477	242.004 mas	148.947 mas	111.542169	0.776952		16	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-43.3	0.13 (0.01)
	+23 13 45.3762	+61 28 10.6485	242.769 mas	149.715 mas	111.542169	0.776952		17	NGC 7538-IRS 1				-43.8	0.14(0.01)

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'SUR11B' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'SUR11B' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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SUR11B - The properties and polarization of the H2O and CH3OH maser environment of NGC 7538-IRS 1

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Detection table from Surcis et al. (2011B)

SUR11B - The properties and polarization of the H₂O and CH₃OH maser environment of NGC 7538-IRS 1