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GOR17 - Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby Galaxies (SWAN): Resolved Ammonia Thermometry, and Water and Methanol Masers in the Nuclear Starburst of NGC 253

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Short title: Gorski et al. (2017)
Authors: Gorski, Mark Ott, Jürgen Rand, Richard Meier, David S. Momjian, Emmanuel Schinnerer, Eva
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 842, Issue 2, article id. 124, 21 pp. (2017).
Bibcode:

Target type: Extragalactic
Transitions: CH3OH_25-30_GHz(I),CH3OH_36(I),CH3OH_84(I),CH3OH_95(I),CH3OH_6(II),CH3OH_37(II),CH3OH_38(II)

Abstract
We present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array molecular line observations of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253, from SWAN, the Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby galaxies. SWAN is a molecular line survey at centimeter wavelengths designed to reveal the physical conditions of star-forming gas over a range of star-forming galaxies. NGC 253 has been observed in four 1 GHz bands from 21 to 36 GHz at 6 arcsec &tilde 100 pc) spatial and 3.5 km s^-1 spectral resolution. In total we detect 19 transitions from 7 molecular and atomic species. We have targeted the metastable inversion transitions of ammonia (NH₃) from (1, 1) to (5, 5) and the (9, 9) line, the 22.2 GHz water (H₂O) ({6}₁₆{--}{5}₂₃) maser, and the 36.1 GHz methanol (CH₃OH) ({4}_-1{--}{3}₀) maser. Using NH₃ as a thermometer, we present evidence for uniform heating over the central kpc of NGC 253. The molecular gas is best described by a two kinetic temperature model with a warm 130 K and a cooler 57 K component. A comparison of these observations with previous ALMA results suggests that the molecular gas is not heated in photon-dominated regions or shocks. It is possible that the gas is heated by turbulence or cosmic rays. In the galaxy center we find evidence for NH₃(3, 3) masers. Furthermore, we present velocities and luminosities of three water maser features related to the nuclear starburst. We partially resolve CH₃OH masers seen at the edges of the bright molecular emission, which coincides with expanding molecular superbubbles. This suggests that the masers are pumped by weak shocks in the bubble surfaces. eprintid: arXiv:1705.07103

Abstract

We present Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array molecular line observations of the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 253, from SWAN, the Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby galaxies. SWAN is a molecular line survey at centimeter wavelengths designed to reveal the physical conditions of star-forming gas over a range of star-forming galaxies. NGC 253 has been observed in four 1 GHz bands from 21 to 36 GHz at 6 arcsec &tilde 100 pc) spatial and 3.5 km s^-1 spectral resolution. In total we detect 19 transitions from 7 molecular and atomic species. We have targeted the metastable inversion transitions of ammonia (NH₃) from (1, 1) to (5, 5) and the (9, 9) line, the 22.2 GHz water (H₂O) ({6}₁₆{--}{5}₂₃) maser, and the 36.1 GHz methanol (CH₃OH) ({4}_-1{--}{3}₀) maser. Using NH₃ as a thermometer, we present evidence for uniform heating over the central kpc of NGC 253. The molecular gas is best described by a two kinetic temperature model with a warm 130 K and a cooler 57 K component. A comparison of these observations with previous ALMA results suggests that the molecular gas is not heated in photon-dominated regions or shocks. It is possible that the gas is heated by turbulence or cosmic rays. In the galaxy center we find evidence for NH₃(3, 3) masers. Furthermore, we present velocities and luminosities of three water maser features related to the nuclear starburst. We partially resolve CH₃OH masers seen at the edges of the bright molecular emission, which coincides with expanding molecular superbubbles. This suggests that the masers are pumped by weak shocks in the bubble surfaces. eprintid:

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Detection table from Gorski et al. (2017)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Maser spot	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_peak	T_a	∫T_a dv	Telescope	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)							CH₃OH (class I)	(km/s)	(K)	(K*km/s)		(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+00 47 34.1	-25 17 11.7			97.483003	-87.964082	G97.224-87.965			NGC 253	Image	Descr	36 GHz (I);	165.9 .. 331.6	0.026 .. 0.056	1.38 .. 3.59	NRAOVLA	2 x 1	+CH₃OH I	GALAXY		2013 May
	+00 47 34.1	-25 17 11.7	0 mas	0 mas	97.483003	-87.964082		1	M1	NGC 253				202.0 (0.3)	0.026 (0.005)	1.38 (0.07)
	+00 47 33.9	-25 17 10.8	-2998.8 mas	898.8 mas	97.466765	-87.963536		2	M2	NGC 253				195.4 (0.8)	0.040 (0.006)	1.41 (0.07)
	+00 47 33.7	-25 17 13.1	-5998.8 mas	-1401.2 mas	97.439941	-87.963796		3	M3	NGC 253				165.9 (1.7)	0.039 (0.008)	3.59 (0.14)
	+00 47 31.9	-25 17 25.7	-32998.8 mas	-14001.2 mas	97.225298	-87.964080		4	M4	NGC 253				294.1 (2.6)	0.035 (0.005)	3.09 (0.18)
	+00 47 32	-25 17 28.9	-31498.8 mas	-17201.2 mas	97.224204	-87.965044		5	M5	NGC 253				294.3 (3.0)	0.056 (0.005)	2.19 (0.89)
	+00 47 32	-25 17 28.9	-31498.8 mas	-17201.2 mas	97.224204	-87.965044		6	M5	NGC 253				331.6 (10.2)	0.041 (0.005)	2.33 (0.96)

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(met1_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(met1_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(met1_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(met1_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(met1_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(met1_data_all.l) as l,MAX(met1_data_all.b) as b,MAX(met1_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(met1_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(met1_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(met1_data_all.line) as line,MAX(met1_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(met1_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(met1_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(met1_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(met1_data_all.int) as int,MAX(met1_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(met1_data_all.units) as units,MAX(met1_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(met1_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(met1_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(met1_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(met1_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(met1_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(met1_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(met1_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(met1_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(met1_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(met1_data_all.url) as url,MAX(met1_data_all.image) as image,MAX(met1_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(met1_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(met1_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(met1_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(met1_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(met1_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM met1_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON met1_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON met1_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GOR17' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select met1_data_all.ra_hms,met1_data_all.dec_dms,met1_data_all.source_name,met1_data_all.ra,met1_data_all.dec,met1_data_all.l,met1_data_all.b,met1_data_all.grp,met1_data_all.other_name,met1_data_all.other_desc,met1_data_all.thermal,met1_data_all.line,met1_data_all.vrange,met1_data_all.vpeak,met1_data_all.peak,met1_data_all.fwhm,met1_data_all.int,met1_data_all.rms,met1_data_all.units,met1_data_all.units_rms,met1_data_all.date_txt,met1_data_all.telescope_ref,met1_data_all.telescope_conf,met1_data_all.v_step,met1_data_all.beam,met1_data_all.beam_maj,met1_data_all.beam_min,met1_data_all.beam_pa,met1_data_all.ref,met1_data_all.list_ref,met1_data_all.ascii,met1_data_all.url,met1_data_all.image,met1_data_all.image2,met1_data_all.image3,met1_data_all.descr,met1_data_all.id,met1_data_all.mjy_flag,met1_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,met1_data_all.dist,met1_data_all.dist_parallax,met1_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM met1_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON met1_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON met1_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GOR17' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

Display data from paper

GOR17 - Survey of Water and Ammonia in Nearby Galaxies (SWAN): Resolved Ammonia Thermometry, and Water and Methanol Masers in the Nuclear Starburst of NGC 253

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Gorski et al. (2017)