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FEL06 - New signposts of massive star formation in the S235A-B region

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Short title: Felli et al. (2006)
Authors: Felli, M.Massi, F.Robberto, M.Cesaroni, R.
Journal: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Volume 453, Issue 3, July III 2006, pp.911-922
Bibcode:

Target type: YSO
Transitions: H2O_22

Abstract
Aims.We report on new aspects of the star-forming region S235AB revealed through high-resolution observations at radio and mid-infrared wavelengths. Methods: .Using the Very Large Array, we carried out sensitive observations of S235AB in the cm continuum (6, 3.6, 1.3, and 0.7) and in the 22 GHz water maser line. These were complemented with Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera archive data to clarify the correspondence between radio and IR sources. We made also use of newly presented data from the Medicina water maser patrol, started in 1987, to study the variability of the water masers found in the region. Results: .S235A is a classical HII region whose structure is now well resolved. To the south, no radio continuum emission is detected either from the compact molecular core or from the jet-like structure observed at 3.3 mm, suggesting emission from dust in both cases. We find two new compact radio continuum sources (VLA-1 and VLA-2) and three separate maser spots. VLA-1 coincides with one of the maser spots and with a previously identified IR source (M 1). VLA-2 lies towards S235B and represents the first radio detection from this peculiar nebula that may represent an ionized wind from a more evolved star. The two other maser spots coincide with an elongated structure previously observed within the molecular core in the C³⁴S line. This structure is perpendicular to a bipolar molecular outflow observed in HCO⁺(1-0) and may trace the associated equatorial disk. The Spitzer images reveal a red object towards the molecular core. This is the most viable candidate for the embedded source originating the outflow and maser phenomenology. Conclusions: .The picture emerging from these and previous data shows the extreme complexity of a small (𕟨.5 pc) star-forming region where widely different stages of stellar evolution are present.

Abstract

Aims.We report on new aspects of the star-forming region S235AB revealed through high-resolution observations at radio and mid-infrared wavelengths.
Methods: .Using the Very Large Array, we carried out sensitive observations of S235AB in the cm continuum (6, 3.6, 1.3, and 0.7) and in the 22 GHz water maser line. These were complemented with Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera archive data to clarify the correspondence between radio and IR sources. We made also use of newly presented data from the Medicina water maser patrol, started in 1987, to study the variability of the water masers found in the region.
Results: .S235A is a classical HII region whose structure is now well resolved. To the south, no radio continuum emission is detected either from the compact molecular core or from the jet-like structure observed at 3.3 mm, suggesting emission from dust in both cases. We find two new compact radio continuum sources (VLA-1 and VLA-2) and three separate maser spots. VLA-1 coincides with one of the maser spots and with a previously identified IR source (M 1). VLA-2 lies towards S235B and represents the first radio detection from this peculiar nebula that may represent an ionized wind from a more evolved star. The two other maser spots coincide with an elongated structure previously observed within the molecular core in the C³⁴S line. This structure is perpendicular to a bipolar molecular outflow observed in HCO⁺(1-0) and may trace the associated equatorial disk. The Spitzer images reveal a red object towards the molecular core. This is the most viable candidate for the embedded source originating the outflow and maser phenomenology.
Conclusions: .The picture emerging from these and previous data shows the extreme complexity of a small (𕟨.5 pc) star-forming region where widely different stages of stellar evolution are present.

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Detection table from Felli et al. (2006)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_range	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	Configuration	V_step	RMS	Beam	PA	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)						H₂O	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)			(km/s)	(mJy/beam)	(arcsec)	(deg.)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+05 40 53.27	+35 41 50			173.718396	2.698048	G173.719+2.698		S235A-B H2O/1	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	9;-1	3 .. 7	0.5 .. 1.2	NRAOVLA	C	1.3	0.050	1 x 0.9	-83.7	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		07.03.2004
	+05 40 53.27	+35 41 50	1.2 mas	0.8 mas	173.718396	2.698048		1	S235A-B H2O/1					7	1.2
	+05 40 53.27	+35 41 50	1.2 mas	0.8 mas	173.718396	2.698048		2	S235A-B H2O/1					3	0.5
2	+05 40 53.63	+35 41 43			173.720693	2.698055	G173.719+2.698		S235A-B H2O/2			22 GHz;	-17;-30	-29 .. -18	0.16 .. 1.66	NRAOVLA	C	1.3	0.050	1 x 0.9	-83.7	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		07.03.2004
	+05 40 53.63	+35 41 43	1.2 mas	-0.8 mas	173.720693	2.698055		1	S235A-B H2O/2					-18	0.16
	+05 40 53.63	+35 41 43	1.2 mas	-0.8 mas	173.720693	2.698055		2	S235A-B H2O/2					-25	0.52
	+05 40 53.63	+35 41 43	1.2 mas	-0.8 mas	173.720693	2.698055		3	S235A-B H2O/2					-29	1.66
3	+05 40 53.38	+35 41 48.6			173.718923	2.698158	G173.719+2.698		S235A-B H2O/3			22 GHz;	-55;-71	-64 .. 68	0.22 .. 1.44	NRAOVLA	C	1.3	0.050	1 x 0.9	-83.7	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		07.03.2004
	+05 40 53.38	+35 41 48.6	-1.2 mas	1.2 mas	173.718923	2.698158		1	S235A-B H2O/3					-58	0.37
	+05 40 53.38	+35 41 48.6	-1.2 mas	1.2 mas	173.718923	2.698158		2	S235A-B H2O/3					-62	0.23
	+05 40 53.38	+35 41 48.6	-1.2 mas	1.2 mas	173.718923	2.698158		3	S235A-B H2O/3					-64	0.22
	+05 40 53.38	+35 41 48.6	-1.2 mas	1.2 mas	173.718923	2.698158		4	S235A-B H2O/3					68	1.44

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'FEL06' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'FEL06' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

Display data from paper

FEL06 - New signposts of massive star formation in the S235A-B region

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Felli et al. (2006)