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CHI12 - A Highly Collimated Water Maser Bipolar Outflow in the Cepheus A HW3d Massive Young Stellar Object

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Short title: Chibueze et al. (2012)
Authors: Chibueze, James O.Imai, HiroshiTafoya, DanielOmodaka, ToshihiroKameya, OsamuHirota, TomoyaChong, Sze-NingTorrelles, Jose M.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 748, Issue 2, article id. 146, 11 pp. (2012).
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR
Transitions: H2O_22

Abstract
We present the results of multi-epoch very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) water (H₂O) maser observations carried out with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry toward the Cepheus A HW3d object. We measured for the first time relative proper motions of the H₂O maser features, whose spatio-kinematics traces a compact bipolar outflow. This outflow looks highly collimated and expanding through ~280 AU (400 mas) at a mean velocity of ~21 km s^-1 (~6 mas yr^-1) without taking into account the turbulent central maser cluster. The opening angle of the outflow is estimated to be ~30�. The dynamical timescale of the outflow is estimated to be ~100 years. Our results provide strong support that HW3d harbors an internal massive young star, and the observed outflow could be tracing a very early phase of star formation. We also have analyzed Very Large Array archive data of 1.3 cm continuum emission obtained in 1995 and 2006 toward Cepheus A. The comparative result of the HW3d continuum emission suggests the possibility of the existence of distinct young stellar objects in HW3d and/or strong variability in one of their radio continuum emission components.

Abstract

We present the results of multi-epoch very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) water (H₂O) maser observations carried out with the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry toward the Cepheus A HW3d object. We measured for the first time relative proper motions of the H₂O maser features, whose spatio-kinematics traces a compact bipolar outflow. This outflow looks highly collimated and expanding through ~280 AU (400 mas) at a mean velocity of ~21 km s^-1 (~6 mas yr^-1) without taking into account the turbulent central maser cluster. The opening angle of the outflow is estimated to be ~30�. The dynamical timescale of the outflow is estimated to be ~100 years. Our results provide strong support that HW3d harbors an internal massive young star, and the observed outflow could be tracing a very early phase of star formation. We also have analyzed Very Large Array archive data of 1.3 cm continuum emission obtained in 1995 and 2006 toward Cepheus A. The comparative result of the HW3d continuum emission suggests the possibility of the existence of distinct young stellar objects in HW3d and/or strong variability in one of their radio continuum emission components.

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Detection table from Chibueze et al. (2012)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)						H₂O	(km/s)		(km/s)	(Jy/beam)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+22 56 18.1753	+62 01 46.2114			109.870952	2.113292	G109.871+2.114		Cep A HW3d	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-20.48 .. -0.67	VERA	0.21	0.580	0.00184 x 0.00069	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2006 May 13 - 2007 Aug 31
	+22 56 18.1636	+62 01 46.2595	-173.61 mas	48.72 mas	109.870937	2.113314		1	Cep A HW3d				-10.37
	+22 56 18.1637	+62 01 46.261	-172.83 mas	50.24 mas	109.870937	2.113314		2	Cep A HW3d				-10.42
	+22 56 18.1637	+62 01 46.2604	-172.29 mas	49.61 mas	109.870937	2.113314		3	Cep A HW3d				-10
	+22 56 18.1749	+62 01 46.2123	-3.77 mas	1.52 mas	109.870951	2.113293		4	Cep A HW3d				-9
	+22 56 18.1751	+62 01 46.2115	-2.1 mas	0.66 mas	109.870951	2.113292		5	Cep A HW3d				-9
	+22 56 18.1751	+62 01 46.209	-1.13 mas	-1.8 mas	109.870951	2.113292		6	Cep A HW3d				-9.51
	+22 56 18.1751	+62 01 46.2111	-0.9 mas	0.33 mas	109.870951	2.113292		7	Cep A HW3d				-7.47
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2112	-0.58 mas	0.45 mas	109.870951	2.113292		8	Cep A HW3d				-16.15
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2108	-0.36 mas	0.02 mas	109.870951	2.113292		9	Cep A HW3d				-11.47
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2111	-0.3 mas	0.26 mas	109.870951	2.113292		10	Cep A HW3d				-20.48
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2111	-0.27 mas	0.25 mas	109.870951	2.113292		11	Cep A HW3d				-0.67
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.211	-0.21 mas	0.16 mas	109.870951	2.113292		12	Cep A HW3d				-9.82
	+22 56 18.1751	+62 01 46.2112	-0.91 mas	0.36 mas	109.870951	2.113292		13	Cep A HW3d				-8.99
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2109	-0.11 mas	0.12 mas	109.870951	2.113292		14	Cep A HW3d				-9.41
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2108	0 mas	0 mas	109.870951	2.113292		15	Cep A HW3d				-9.93
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2107	0.06 mas	-0.07 mas	109.870951	2.113292		16	Cep A HW3d				-9.24
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2107	0.11 mas	-0.12 mas	109.870951	2.113292		17	Cep A HW3d				-12.58
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2109	0.13 mas	0.07 mas	109.870952	2.113292		18	Cep A HW3d				-9.66
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2107	0.15 mas	-0.14 mas	109.870951	2.113292		19	Cep A HW3d				-10.84
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2105	0.35 mas	-0.27 mas	109.870952	2.113292		20	Cep A HW3d				-4.79
	+22 56 18.1752	+62 01 46.2105	0.39 mas	-0.32 mas	109.870952	2.113292		21	Cep A HW3d				-1.79
	+22 56 18.1753	+62 01 46.2115	1.14 mas	0.74 mas	109.870952	2.113292		22	Cep A HW3d				-9.33
	+22 56 18.1843	+62 01 46.1717	135.9 mas	-39.14 mas	109.870963	2.113275		23	Cep A HW3d				-12.26
	+22 56 18.1843	+62 01 46.1718	135.85 mas	-39.03 mas	109.870963	2.113275		24	Cep A HW3d				-9.22
	+22 56 18.1843	+62 01 46.1714	136.46 mas	-39.36 mas	109.870963	2.113275		25	Cep A HW3d				-10
	+22 56 18.1871	+62 01 46.1646	178.6 mas	-46.23 mas	109.870967	2.113271		26	Cep A HW3d				-8.39
	+22 56 18.1893	+62 01 46.1292	211.62 mas	-81.55 mas	109.870967	2.113260		27	Cep A HW3d				-10.63
	+22 56 18.1894	+62 01 46.1288	213.08 mas	-81.99 mas	109.870967	2.113260		28	Cep A HW3d				-12.15
	+22 56 18.1894	+62 01 46.126	213.21 mas	-84.78 mas	109.870967	2.113259		29	Cep A HW3d				-10.37
	+22 56 18.1895	+62 01 46.1255	214.91 mas	-85.27 mas	109.870967	2.113259		30	Cep A HW3d				-10.21

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(h2o_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(h2o_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(h2o_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(h2o_data_all.l) as l,MAX(h2o_data_all.b) as b,MAX(h2o_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(h2o_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(h2o_data_all.line) as line,MAX(h2o_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(h2o_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(h2o_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(h2o_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(h2o_data_all.int) as int,MAX(h2o_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.units) as units,MAX(h2o_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(h2o_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(h2o_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(h2o_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(h2o_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(h2o_data_all.url) as url,MAX(h2o_data_all.image) as image,MAX(h2o_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(h2o_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(h2o_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(h2o_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(h2o_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(h2o_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'CHI12' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select h2o_data_all.ra_hms,h2o_data_all.dec_dms,h2o_data_all.source_name,h2o_data_all.ra,h2o_data_all.dec,h2o_data_all.l,h2o_data_all.b,h2o_data_all.grp,h2o_data_all.other_name,h2o_data_all.other_desc,h2o_data_all.thermal,h2o_data_all.line,h2o_data_all.vrange,h2o_data_all.vpeak,h2o_data_all.peak,h2o_data_all.fwhm,h2o_data_all.int,h2o_data_all.rms,h2o_data_all.units,h2o_data_all.units_rms,h2o_data_all.date_txt,h2o_data_all.telescope_ref,h2o_data_all.telescope_conf,h2o_data_all.v_step,h2o_data_all.beam,h2o_data_all.beam_maj,h2o_data_all.beam_min,h2o_data_all.beam_pa,h2o_data_all.ref,h2o_data_all.list_ref,h2o_data_all.ascii,h2o_data_all.url,h2o_data_all.image,h2o_data_all.image2,h2o_data_all.image3,h2o_data_all.descr,h2o_data_all.id,h2o_data_all.mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,h2o_data_all.dist,h2o_data_all.dist_parallax,h2o_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM h2o_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON h2o_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON h2o_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'CHI12' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

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CHI12 - A Highly Collimated Water Maser Bipolar Outflow in the Cepheus A HW3d Massive Young Stellar Object

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Chibueze et al. (2012)