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BRE13 - Discovery of four water masers in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Short title: Breen et al. (2013)
Authors: Breen, S. L.Lovell, J. E. J.Ellingsen, S. P.Horiuchi, S.Beasley, A. J.Marvel, K.
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 432, Issue 2, p.1382-1395
Bibcode:

Target type: High_mass_SFR,Extragalactic
Transitions: OH_1665,OH_1667,OH_6035,H2O_22,CH3OH_6(II)

Abstract
We report the detection of four water masers within the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC): two discovered with the 70-m Tidbinbilla radio telescope, and two discovered with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Precise positions of all four masers have been derived from ATCA observations, and the characteristics of each water maser have been monitored over a period of several years. Sensitive observations towards two previously detected water masers reported in the literature failed to detect any emission. The detected water masers show evidence of higher levels of temporal variability than equivalent Galactic sources, and one of the features associated with NGC 346 IR1 shows an acceleration of 9.6 km s^-1 yr^-1 over a 31 d period. Sensitive targeted observations for methanol and OH masers failed to detect any accompanying emission - in the case of methanol perhaps highlighting an under abundance in the SMC, consistent with expectations due to lower metallicity. The water masers are both bright and compact making them excellent targets for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations, which can potentially measure the proper motion of the SMC (âˆݙ-2 mas yr^-1) with temporal baselines of âˆ䥼 months. Such observations would utilize sources associated with only the current epoch of star formation and hence have several advantages over alternative methods.

Abstract

We report the detection of four water masers within the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC): two discovered with the 70-m Tidbinbilla radio telescope, and two discovered with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Precise positions of all four masers have been derived from ATCA observations, and the characteristics of each water maser have been monitored over a period of several years. Sensitive observations towards two previously detected water masers reported in the literature failed to detect any emission. The detected water masers show evidence of higher levels of temporal variability than equivalent Galactic sources, and one of the features associated with NGC 346 IR1 shows an acceleration of 9.6 km s^-1 yr^-1 over a 31 d period. Sensitive targeted observations for methanol and OH masers failed to detect any accompanying emission - in the case of methanol perhaps highlighting an under abundance in the SMC, consistent with expectations due to lower metallicity. The water masers are both bright and compact making them excellent targets for Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations, which can potentially measure the proper motion of the SMC (âˆݙ-2 mas yr^-1) with temporal baselines of âˆ䥼 months. Such observations would utilize sources associated with only the current epoch of star formation and hence have several advantages over alternative methods.

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Detection table from Breen et al. (2013)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Image	Line	V_range	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	Configuration	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)				H₂O	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)			(km/s)	(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1	Image	22 GHz;	168.2;174.2	173.3	2.6	TID		0.5	0.039	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		18.07.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.9;173.8	173.4	3.4	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.044	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		21.07.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.9;173.9	173.3	2.7	TID		0.06	0.108	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		21.07.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.8;169.1	168.5	1.3	TID		0.06	0.159	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		29.07.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.8;169.1	168.4	1.2	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.024	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		31.07.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.6;169.0	168.1	1.4	TID		0.06	0.204	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.6;168.8	168	1.3	TID		0.06	0.149	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		05.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.3;168.6	168	1	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.078	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		15.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.3;168.6	168	0.25	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.026	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		16.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.2;168.5	167.8	0.92	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.023	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		18.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	167.3;168.7	167.9	1	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.025	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		19.08.2008
	00 59 9.3	-72 10 57.3	302.0982	-44.9332	G302.098-44.933	NGC 346 IR1		22 GHz;	166.3;173.3	167.4	0.24	ATCA	H214	0.5	0.031	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.06.2011
13	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12	Image	22 GHz;	164.3;165.0	164.7	1.6	TID		0.06	0.177	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		23.04.2003
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.7;166.2	164.5	1.6	ATCA	EW352	0.5	0.018	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		03.05.2003
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.5;174.2	163.9	0.46	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.035	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		21.07.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.5;174.3	166.3	0.3	TID		0.06	0.070	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		29.07.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	164.0;174.3	164	0.18	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.028	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		31.07.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	166.1;174.1	166.1	0.31	TID		0.06	0.076	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.8;166.1	166.1	0.3	TID		0.06	0.107	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		05.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.5;174.3	174.2	0.29	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.029	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		15.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	162.7;174.1	174.1	0.24	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.027	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		16.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.4;174.4	166.2	0.29	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.018	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		18.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	163.5;174.4	166.2	0.28	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.020	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		19.08.2008
	00 59 19.7	-72 11 19.9	302.0798	-44.9263	G302.080-44.926	N66 Sc12		22 GHz;	160.2;167.0	161.1	0.29	ATCA	H214	0.5	0.031	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.06.2011
25	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326	Image	22 GHz;	137.4;142.6	138.6	2.1	ATCA	EW352	0.5	0.033	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		03.05.2003
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	136.9;142.6	141.6	2.4	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.032	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		31.07.2008
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	136.7;142.6	141.5	1.9	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.051	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		15.08.2008
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	137.1;142.8	141.5	2.2	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.026	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		16.08.2008
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	137.0;143.1	141.6	1.9	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.032	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		18.08.2008
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	136.4;142.7	141.4	2.7	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.043	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		19.08.2008
	00 44 56.4	-73 10 11.1	303.5851	-43.9503	G303.585-43.950	IRAS 00430-7326		22 GHz;	137.6;142.4	141.8	1.8	ATCA	H214	0.5	0.030	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	GALAXY		02.06.2011
32	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332	Image	22 GHz;	176.0;178.4	177.4	1.7	ATCA	EW352	0.5	0.032	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		03.05.2003
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.7;178.0	177.3	0.51	ATCA	H214	0.25	0.034	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		31.07.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.7;181.7	177.3	0.76	TID		0.06	0.262	78	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.08.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.6;181.9	177.5	0.8	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.078	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		15.08.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.6;181.9	177.3	0.39	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.028	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		16.08.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.4;181.8	177.2	0.71	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.025	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		18.08.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	176.4;181.9	177.3	0.76	ATCA	6B	0.25	0.023	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		19.08.2008
	01 14 4.7	-73 16 58.1	300.6812	-43.7464	G300.681-43.746	IRAS 01126-7332		22 GHz;	175.3;181.6	177	0.68	ATCA	H214	0.5	0.030	0.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		02.06.2011

Non-detection table from Breen et al. (2013)