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GON14 - Polarization maser observations of late-type stars at OH 1665 and 1667 MHz

Short title: Gonidakis et al. (2014)
Authors: Gonidakis, I. Chapman, J. M. Deacon, R. M. Green, A. J.
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 443, Issue 4, p.3819-3838
Bibcode:

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Detection table: Show detection table (0 detection) Non-detection table: Show non-detection table (68 non-detection)

Abstract
We present full-polarization observations, taken with the Parkes radio telescope, of the OH masers at 1665 and 1667 MHz in 34 evolved stars comprising 25 post-Asymptotic Giant Branch (post-AGB) stars and nine high-mass AGB stars (known as LI sources). The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the OH mainline polarization properties of post-AGB stars and high-mass AGB stars and to determine whether there is an association between polarization properties and evolutionary age. Circular and/or linear polarization was detected from 21 of the 34 observed stars. Linear polarization was detected as often as circular polarization, and was relatively more common in the 1667 MHz line. Circular polarization is stronger at 1665 MHz. The massive AGB stars appear to have the strongest magnetic fields. For the post-AGB stars there is a trend for increasing magnetic field strength at the location of the OH mainline masers with increasing post-AGB age. We infer that changes to the stellar magnetic fields play a significant role in the emergence of non-spherical morphologies in post-AGB stars. Six sources show narrow linearly polarized features at 1667 MHz with no corresponding circular polarization at 1667 MHz, that are interpreted as candidate pi-components. In one source, a candidate pi-component is identified through a Zeeman triplet.	Comments: Polarization study. No peak flux densities or velocities of un-polarized emission given.

Abstract

We present full-polarization observations, taken with the Parkes radio telescope, of the OH masers at 1665 and 1667 MHz in 34 evolved stars comprising 25 post-Asymptotic Giant Branch (post-AGB) stars and nine high-mass AGB stars (known as LI sources). The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the OH mainline polarization properties of post-AGB stars and high-mass AGB stars and to determine whether there is an association between polarization properties and evolutionary age. Circular and/or linear polarization was detected from 21 of the 34 observed stars. Linear polarization was detected as often as circular polarization, and was relatively more common in the 1667 MHz line. Circular polarization is stronger at 1665 MHz. The massive AGB stars appear to have the strongest magnetic fields. For the post-AGB stars there is a trend for increasing magnetic field strength at the location of the OH mainline masers with increasing post-AGB age. We infer that changes to the stellar magnetic fields play a significant role in the emergence of non-spherical morphologies in post-AGB stars. Six sources show narrow linearly polarized features at 1667 MHz with no corresponding circular polarization at 1667 MHz, that are interpreted as candidate pi-components. In one source, a candidate pi-component is identified through a Zeeman triplet.

Comments:
Polarization study. No peak flux densities or velocities of un-polarized emission given.

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Non-detection table from Gonidakis et al. (2014)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Line	List	Detection	Class	Ref.
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)			OH		Yes/No
1	15 49 11.4	-55 08 51.8	326.5180	-0.6332	G326.518-0.633	OH326.518-00.633	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
2	15 58 18.8	-53 40 40.2	328.4769	-0.3424	G328.477-0.342	OH328.477-00.342	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
3	15 49 11.4	-55 08 51.8	326.5180	-0.6332	G326.518-0.633	OH326.518-00.633	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
4	15 58 18.8	-53 40 40.2	328.4769	-0.3424	G328.477-0.342	OH328.477-00.342	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
5	15 48 19.5	-54 58 21.5	326.5299	-0.4191	G326.530-0.419	OH326.530-00.419	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
6	15 48 19.5	-54 58 21.5	326.5299	-0.4191	G326.530-0.419	OH326.530-00.419	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
7	17 03 56.2	-41 23 59.2	344.9292	0.0137	G344.929+0.014	OH344.929+00.014	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
8	17 03 56.2	-41 23 59.2	344.9292	0.0137	G344.929+0.014	OH344.929+00.014	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
9	17 13 05	-36 27 54.3	349.9488	1.5366	G349.949+1.537	OH349.949+01.537	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
10	17 13 05	-36 27 54.3	349.9488	1.5366	G349.949+1.537	OH349.949+01.537	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
11	17 18 19.9	-32 27 22	353.8437	2.9840	G353.844+2.984	OH353.844+02.984	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
12	17 18 19.9	-32 27 22	353.8437	2.9840	G353.844+2.984	OH353.844+02.984	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
13	17 18 34.8	-38 48 57.4	348.6682	-0.7151	G348.668-0.715	OH348.668-00.715	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
14	17 18 34.8	-38 48 57.4	348.6682	-0.7151	G348.668-0.715	OH348.668-00.715	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
15	17 20 15	-37 39 34.3	349.8038	-0.3208	G349.804-0.321	OH349.804-00.321	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
16	17 20 15	-37 39 34.3	349.8038	-0.3208	G349.804-0.321	OH349.804-00.321	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
17	17 28 4.6	-39 53 44.2	348.8135	-2.8399	G348.813-2.840	OH348.813-02.840	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
18	17 28 4.6	-39 53 44.2	348.8135	-2.8399	G348.813-2.840	OH348.813-02.840	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
19	17 32 39.1	-33 04 15.9	355.0210	0.1458	G355.021+0.146	OH355.021+00.146	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
20	17 32 39.1	-33 04 15.9	355.0210	0.1458	G355.021+0.146	OH355.021+00.146	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
21	17 40 23.1	-27 49 11.4	0.3444	1.5664	G0.344+1.566	OH000.344+01.567	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
22	17 40 23.1	-27 49 11.4	0.3444	1.5664	G0.344+1.566	OH000.344+01.567	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
23	17 42 33.2	-27 28 24.6	0.8922	1.3417	G0.890+1.344	OH000.892+01.342	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
24	17 42 33.2	-27 28 24.6	0.8922	1.3417	G0.890+1.344	OH000.892+01.342	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
25	17 49 20.9	-27 41 54.1	1.4838	-0.0612	G1.4838-0.0612	OH001.484-00.061	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	SFR_MIXED	GON14
26	17 49 20.9	-27 41 54.1	1.4838	-0.0612	G1.4838-0.0612	OH001.484-00.061	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	SFR_MIXED	GON14
27	17 57 58.3	-27 53 19.9	2.2865	-1.8014	G2.287-1.801	OH002.286-01.801	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
28	17 57 58.3	-27 53 19.9	2.2865	-1.8014	G2.287-1.801	OH002.286-01.801	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
29	17 58 05	-21 21 7.1	7.9612	1.4448	G7.961+1.445	OH007.961+01.445	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
30	17 58 05	-21 21 7.1	7.9612	1.4448	G7.961+1.445	OH007.961+01.445	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
31	17 59 05	-20 27 23.9	8.8542	1.6887	G8.854+1.689	OH008.854+01.689	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
32	17 59 05	-20 27 23.9	8.8542	1.6887	G8.854+1.689	OH008.854+01.689	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
33	18 00 49.5	-26 53 12.5	3.4715	-1.8528	G3.472-1.853	OH003.471-01.853	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
34	18 00 49.5	-26 53 12.5	3.4715	-1.8528	G3.472-1.853	OH003.471-01.853	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
35	18 07 20.9	-21 16 10.9	9.0970	-0.3920	G9.097-0.392	OH009.097-00.392	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
36	18 07 20.9	-21 16 10.9	9.0970	-0.3920	G9.097-0.392	OH009.097-00.392	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
37	18 08 12.8	-24 14 36.7	6.5938	-2.0109	G6.594-2.011	OH006.594-02.011	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
38	18 08 12.8	-24 14 36.7	6.5938	-2.0109	G6.594-2.011	OH006.594-02.011	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH I +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
39	18 10 38.7	-18 52 58.1	11.5600	0.0875	G11.560+0.087	OH011.560+00.088	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
40	18 10 38.7	-18 52 58.1	11.5600	0.0875	G11.560+0.087	OH011.560+00.088	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
41	18 16 25.7	-14 55 17.2	15.7001	0.7704	G15.701+0.770	OH015.700+00.770	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
42	18 16 25.7	-14 55 17.2	15.7001	0.7704	G15.701+0.770	OH015.700+00.770	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
43	18 21 6.9	-15 03 22.1	16.1170	-0.2906	G16.117-0.291	OH016.117-00.291	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
44	18 21 6.9	-15 03 22.1	16.1170	-0.2906	G16.117-0.291	OH016.117-00.291	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
45	18 27 23.8	-10 30 21.7	20.8545	0.4862	G20.854+0.486	OH020.854+00.486	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
46	18 27 23.8	-10 30 21.7	20.8545	0.4862	G20.854+0.486	OH020.854+00.486	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
47	18 28 30.8	-10 50 53	20.6794	0.0841	G20.679+0.084	OH020.679+00.084	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
48	18 28 30.8	-10 50 53	20.6794	0.0841	G20.679+0.084	OH020.679+00.084	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
49	18 28 30.9	-09 58 14.3	21.4566	0.4912	G21.457+0.491	OH021.457+00.491	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
50	18 28 30.9	-09 58 14.3	21.4566	0.4912	G21.457+0.491	OH021.457+00.491	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
51	18 30 30.7	-14 28 57.8	17.6839	-2.0323	G17.684-2.032	OH017.684-02.032	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
52	18 30 30.7	-14 28 57.8	17.6839	-2.0323	G17.684-2.032	OH017.684-02.032	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
53	18 41 35.9	-05 58 51	26.4896	-0.5455	G26.490-0.546	OH026.497-00.545	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
54	18 41 35.9	-05 58 51	26.4896	-0.5455	G26.490-0.546	OH026.490-00.545	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
55	18 45 52.4	-01 46 42.8	30.7147	0.4266	G30.715+0.427	OH030.715+00.427	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
56	18 45 52.4	-01 46 42.8	30.7147	0.4266	G30.715+0.427	OH030.715+00.427	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
57	18 47 41.1	-01 45 11.8	30.9438	0.0351	G30.944+0.035	OH030.944+00.035	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
58	18 47 41.1	-01 45 11.8	30.9438	0.0351	G30.944+0.035	OH030.944+00.035	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
59	18 48 41.9	-02 50 29.2	30.0909	-0.6865	G30.091-0.686	OH030.091-00.686	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
60	18 48 41.9	-02 50 29.2	30.0909	-0.6865	G30.091-0.686	OH030.091-00.686	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	GON14
61	18 49 19.4	-02 34 49.9	30.3943	-0.7065	G30.394-0.706	OH030.394-00.706	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
62	18 49 19.4	-02 34 49.9	30.3943	-0.7065	G30.394-0.706	OH030.394-00.706	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
63	18 50 59.5	+06 45 57.5	38.9091	3.1782	G38.909+3.178	OH038.909+03.178	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
64	18 50 59.5	+06 45 57.5	38.9091	3.1782	G38.909+3.178	OH038.909+03.178	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O -CH₃OH II +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
65	19 02 6.3	+03 20 15.5	37.1183	-0.8473	G37.118-0.847	OH037.118-00.847	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
66	19 02 6.3	+03 20 15.5	37.1183	-0.8473	G37.118-0.847	OH037.118-00.847	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH +SiO	EVOLVED	GON14
67	19 05 2.2	+00 48 51.2	35.2086	-2.6531	G35.209-2.653	OH035.209-02.653	1.665 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14
68	19 05 2.2	+00 48 51.2	35.2086	-2.6531	G35.209-2.653	OH035.209-02.653	1.667 GHz;	ENG15	-H₂O +OH	EVOLVED	GON14

Distribution of sources in all sky (l,b)

Distribution of sources in all sky using Aladin

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Distribution of sources in IRAS color-color diagram

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Original color diagram is taken form van der Veen & Habing (1987)

Type	Description
I	Oxygen-rich non-variable stars without circumstellar shells
II	Variable stars with "young" O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIa	Variable stars with more evolved O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIb	Variable stars with thick O-rich circumstellar shells
IV	Variable stars with very thick O-rich circumstellar shells
V	Planetary nebulae and non- variable stars with very cool circumstellar shells
VIa	Variable stars with relatively cold dust at large distances; a significant part of the stars is carbon-rich
VIb	Variable stars with relatively hot dust close to the star and relatively cold dust at large distances; Some of the objects have proven to be O-rich
VII	Variable stars with more evolved C-rich circumstellar shells
VIII	Different sort of objects

Distribution of the detection velocities versus galactic longitude from GON14

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Longitude-Velocity Map is taken form Dame, Hartmann & Thaddeus (2001)

Distribution of sources from GON14 in (l,b) histograms

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	GLIMPSE 360
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm
UKIDSS K Download UKIDSS K FITS	2MASS K Download 2MASS K FITS

select MAX(oh_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(oh_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(oh_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(oh_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(oh_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(oh_data_all.l) as l,MAX(oh_data_all.b) as b,MAX(oh_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(oh_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(oh_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(oh_data_all.freq) as freq,MAX(oh_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(oh_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(oh_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(oh_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(oh_data_all.int) as int,MAX(oh_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(oh_data_all.units) as units,MAX(oh_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(oh_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(oh_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(oh_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(oh_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(oh_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(oh_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(oh_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(oh_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(oh_data_all.url) as url,MAX(oh_data_all.image) as image,MAX(oh_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(oh_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(oh_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(oh_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(oh_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(oh_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM oh_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON oh_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON oh_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GON14' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select oh_data_all.ra_hms,oh_data_all.dec_dms,oh_data_all.source_name,oh_data_all.ra,oh_data_all.dec,oh_data_all.l,oh_data_all.b,oh_data_all.grp,oh_data_all.other_name,oh_data_all.other_desc,oh_data_all.thermal,oh_data_all.freq,oh_data_all.vrange,oh_data_all.vpeak,oh_data_all.peak,oh_data_all.fwhm,oh_data_all.int,oh_data_all.rms,oh_data_all.units,oh_data_all.units_rms,oh_data_all.date_txt,oh_data_all.telescope_ref,oh_data_all.telescope_conf,oh_data_all.v_step,oh_data_all.beam,oh_data_all.beam_maj,oh_data_all.beam_min,oh_data_all.beam_pa,oh_data_all.ref,oh_data_all.list_ref,oh_data_all.ascii,oh_data_all.url,oh_data_all.image,oh_data_all.image2,oh_data_all.image3,oh_data_all.descr,oh_data_all.id,oh_data_all.mjy_flag,oh_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,oh_data_all.dist,oh_data_all.dist_parallax,oh_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM oh_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON oh_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON oh_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'GON14' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id