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DEW14 - A survey for ground-state OH masers towards a sample of Herbig-Haro objects

Short title: de Witt et al. (2014)
Authors: de Witt, A.Bietenholz, M.Booth, R.Gaylard, M.
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 438, Issue 3, p.2167-2176
Bibcode:
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Target type: Low_mass_SFR
Observations category: SF.general
Facility type: single-dish
Transitions: OH_1665,OH_1667,OH_1720

Abstract
Herbig-Haro objects are regions of shocked gas and dust which are produced when collimated outflows from a protostar interact with the surrounding dense gas. They have many similarities to supernova remnants which are interacting with molecular clouds. 1720-MHz OH masers have been identified towards a number of interacting supernova remnants. Observations and models indicate that these masers are shock excited and are produced behind C-type shocks. If conditions behind the shock fronts of Herbig-Haro objects are similarly able to support 1720-MHz OH masers they could be a useful diagnostic tool for star formation. We therefore searched for 1720-MHz OH maser emission towards a sample of 97 Herbig-Haro objects using the Green Bank Radio Telescope. We detected 1720-MHz OH lines in emission in 17 of them, but neither their spectral signature nor follow-up observations with the Very Large Array showed any conclusive evidence of maser emission. We conclude that the emission detected from our single-dish observations must be extended and most likely originates from thermal or quasi-thermal excitation processes. We also investigated the properties of Herbig-Haro shocks more closely and conclude that despite the overall similarities to supernova remnants, the conditions required for maser emission, in particular a sufficient velocity-coherent column density, are not likely to occur in Herbig-Haro objects.

Abstract

Herbig-Haro objects are regions of shocked gas and dust which are produced when collimated outflows from a protostar interact with the surrounding dense gas. They have many similarities to supernova remnants which are interacting with molecular clouds. 1720-MHz OH masers have been identified towards a number of interacting supernova remnants. Observations and models indicate that these masers are shock excited and are produced behind C-type shocks. If conditions behind the shock fronts of Herbig-Haro objects are similarly able to support 1720-MHz OH masers they could be a useful diagnostic tool for star formation. We therefore searched for 1720-MHz OH maser emission towards a sample of 97 Herbig-Haro objects using the Green Bank Radio Telescope. We detected 1720-MHz OH lines in emission in 17 of them, but neither their spectral signature nor follow-up observations with the Very Large Array showed any conclusive evidence of maser emission. We conclude that the emission detected from our single-dish observations must be extended and most likely originates from thermal or quasi-thermal excitation processes. We also investigated the properties of Herbig-Haro shocks more closely and conclude that despite the overall similarities to supernova remnants, the conditions required for maser emission, in particular a sufficient velocity-coherent column density, are not likely to occur in Herbig-Haro objects.

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Detection table from de Witt et al. (2014)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	grpv	Source name	Image	Line	Frequency	V_peak	FWHM	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)					OH	(MHz)	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)		(km/s)	(mJy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	05 35 29.9	-06 27 0.5	210.0428	-19.8112	G210.043-19.811	G210.0428-19.8112	HH 34	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	8.3	2.25	0.17	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
2	18 29 18.9	+01 14 17.5	31.5097	5.4865	G31.510+5.486	G31.5097+5.4865	HH 106	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	8.11	1.65	0.1	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
3	18 29 48.1	+01 25 57.4	31.7393	5.4667	G31.739+5.467	G31.7393+5.4667	HH 107	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	7.98	1.64	0.11	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
4	19 36 51.6	+07 34 10.2	44.9126	-6.5254	G44.913-6.525	G44.9126-6.5254	HH 119-lcp	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	8.35	0.25	0.07	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
5	19 36 51.6	+07 34 10.2	44.9126	-6.5254	G44.913-6.525	G44.9126-6.5254	HH 119-rcp	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	8.26	0.25	0.08	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
6	06 41 2.5	+10 15 4.9	202.6268	2.3747	G202.629+2.377	G202.6292+2.3772	HH 124	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	4.87	3.14	0.12	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		2005 February 5 and 7
7	04 18 51.4	+28 20 25.8	168.8491	-15.5073	G168.849-15.507	G168.8491-15.5073	HH 156	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	7.27	0.6	0.51	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
8	21 43 6.6	+66 06 54.7	105.4154	9.8779	G105.405+9.878	G105.4152+9.8785	HH 167	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	-9.8	1.75	0.05	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
9	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	-7.36	1.26	0.07	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	-6.36	0.55	0.06	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
11	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	7.24	2.08	0.03	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	10.58	1.38	0.13	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
13	04 42 37.3	+25 15 45.7	174.8518	-13.5530	G174.852-13.553	G174.8518-13.5530	HH 231	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	5.78	1.81	0.17	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	04 42 37.3	+25 15 45.7	174.8518	-13.5530	G174.852-13.553	G174.8518-13.5530	HH 231	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	6.69	0.44	0.21	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
15	03 27 18.7	+30 17 20.1	158.6577	-21.5629	G158.658-21.563	G158.6577-21.5629	HH 279	Image	1665 MHz;	1665	4.89	1.68	0.06	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
16	05 35 29.9	-06 27 0.5	210.0428	-19.8112	G210.043-19.811	G210.0428-19.8112	HH 34	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	8.59	1.16	0.23	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	05 35 29.9	-06 27 0.5	210.0428	-19.8112	G210.043-19.811	G210.0428-19.8112	HH 34	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	6.18	1.18	0.08	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
18	18 29 18.9	+01 14 17.5	31.5097	5.4865	G31.510+5.486	G31.5097+5.4865	HH 106	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	8.26	2.31	0.08	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
19	18 29 48.1	+01 25 57.4	31.7393	5.4667	G31.739+5.467	G31.7393+5.4667	HH 107	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	8.67	2.39	0.05	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
20	19 36 51.6	+07 34 10.2	44.9126	-6.5254	G44.913-6.525	G44.9126-6.5254	HH 119-lcp	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	8.34	0.32	0.15	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
21	19 36 51.6	+07 34 10.2	44.9126	-6.5254	G44.913-6.525	G44.9126-6.5254	HH 119-rcp	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	8.36	0.31	0.1	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
22	06 41 2.5	+10 15 4.9	202.6268	2.3747	G202.629+2.377	G202.6292+2.3772	HH 124	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	4.1	2.29	0.11	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		2005 February 5 and 7
	06 41 2.5	+10 15 4.9	202.6268	2.3747	G202.629+2.377	G202.6292+2.3772	HH 124	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	7.16	2.5	0.08	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		2005 February 5 and 7
24	04 18 51.4	+28 20 25.8	168.8491	-15.5073	G168.849-15.507	G168.8491-15.5073	HH 156	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	7.19	0.62	0.81	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
25	21 43 6.6	+66 06 54.7	105.4154	9.8779	G105.405+9.878	G105.4152+9.8785	HH 167	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	-9.88	1.98	0.12	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
26	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	-7.43	1.19	0.19	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	-6.38	0.53	0.12	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
28	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	7.78	2.3	0.02	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	10.61	1.11	0.1	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
30	04 42 37.3	+25 15 45.7	174.8518	-13.5530	G174.852-13.553	G174.8518-13.5530	HH 231	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	6.07	1.55	0.15	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	04 42 37.3	+25 15 45.7	174.8518	-13.5530	G174.852-13.553	G174.8518-13.5530	HH 231	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	6.81	0.36	0.12	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
32	03 27 18.7	+30 17 20.1	158.6577	-21.5629	G158.658-21.563	G158.6577-21.5629	HH 279	Image	1667 MHz;	1667	4.69	1.11	0.17	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
33	05 35 29.9	-06 27 0.5	210.0428	-19.8112	G210.043-19.811	G210.0428-19.8112	HH 34	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	6.82	1.64	-0.08	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
34	18 29 18.9	+01 14 17.5	31.5097	5.4865	G31.510+5.486	G31.5097+5.4865	HH 106	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	8.98	1.78	-0.05	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	18 29 18.9	+01 14 17.5	31.5097	5.4865	G31.510+5.486	G31.5097+5.4865	HH 106	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	5.83	2.36	0.03	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
36	18 29 48.1	+01 25 57.4	31.7393	5.4667	G31.739+5.467	G31.7393+5.4667	HH 107	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	7.61	0.85	0.04	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	18 29 48.1	+01 25 57.4	31.7393	5.4667	G31.739+5.467	G31.7393+5.4667	HH 107	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	9.32	1.6	-0.03	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
38	06 41 2.5	+10 15 4.9	202.6268	2.3747	G202.629+2.377	G202.6292+2.3772	HH 124	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	3.91	1.1	-0.04	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		2005 February 5 and 7
	06 41 2.5	+10 15 4.9	202.6268	2.3747	G202.629+2.377	G202.6292+2.3772	HH 124	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	6.18	2.87	0.05	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		2005 February 5 and 7
40	04 18 51.4	+28 20 25.8	168.8491	-15.5073	G168.849-15.507	G168.8491-15.5073	HH 156	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	7.31	0.59	0.32	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
41	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	-7.33	1.09	0.09	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
	20 55 10.3	+77 31 26.9	111.5394	20.2664	G111.539+20.266	G111.5394+20.2664	HH 200	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	-6.41	0.76	0.07	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7
43	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	6.98	1.85	0.02	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
	19 17 57.4	+19 11 56.4	52.9836	3.0333	G52.984+3.049	G52.9836+3.0333	HH 223	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	10.24	0.49	0.05	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+H₂O -CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2005 February 5 and 7
45	04 42 37.3	+25 15 45.7	174.8518	-13.5530	G174.852-13.553	G174.8518-13.5530	HH 231	Image	1720 MHz;	1720	6.64	0.89	0.11	GBT	0.13	30.000	420	+OH			2005 February 5 and 7

DSS colored	2MASS colored	WISE colored
PACS color (70-160 um)	SPIRE color (250-500 um)	GLIMPSE 360
SDSS color	IRAC color I1,I2,I4	NVSS (1.4GHz)
ATLASGAL 870 um	ATLASGAL 870 um + Planck	Bolocam 1.1 mm

select MAX(oh_data_all.ra_hms) as ra_hms,MAX(oh_data_all.dec_dms) as dec_dms,MAX(oh_data_all.source_name) as source_name,MAX(oh_data_all.ra) as ra,MAX(oh_data_all.dec) as dec,MAX(oh_data_all.l) as l,MAX(oh_data_all.b) as b,MAX(oh_data_all.grp) as grp,MAX(oh_data_all.grpv) as grpv,MAX(oh_data_all.other_name) as other_name,MAX(oh_data_all.other_desc) as other_desc,BOOL_OR(thermal) as thermal,MAX(oh_data_all.line) as line,MAX(oh_data_all.freq) as freq,MAX(oh_data_all.pol) as pol,MAX(oh_data_all.vrange) as vrange,MAX(oh_data_all.vpeak) as vpeak,MAX(oh_data_all.peak) as peak,MAX(oh_data_all.fwhm) as fwhm,MAX(oh_data_all.int) as int,MAX(oh_data_all.rms) as rms,MAX(oh_data_all.units) as units,MAX(oh_data_all.units_rms) as units_rms,MAX(oh_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(oh_data_all.telescope_ref) as telescope_ref,MAX(oh_data_all.telescope_conf) as telescope_conf,MAX(oh_data_all.v_step) as v_step,MAX(oh_data_all.beam) as beam,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_maj) as beam_maj,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_min) as beam_min,MAX(oh_data_all.beam_pa) as beam_pa,MAX(oh_data_all.ref) as ref,MAX(oh_data_all.list_ref) as list_ref,MAX(oh_data_all.ascii) as ascii,MAX(oh_data_all.url) as url,MAX(oh_data_all.image) as image,MAX(oh_data_all.image2) as image2,MAX(oh_data_all.image3) as image3,MAX(oh_data_all.descr) as descr,MAX(oh_data_all.id) as id,BOOL_OR(mjy_flag) as mjy_flag,BOOL_OR(rms_mjy_flag) as rms_mjy_flag,MAX(oh_data_all.dist) as dist,1 as dist_parallax,MAX(oh_data_all.date_txt) as date_txt,MAX(line_det) as line_det,MAX(type) as type,MAX(simbad_types_cat) as simbad_types_cat FROM oh_data_all  LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON oh_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON oh_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'DEW14' AND detected=true AND hide=false GROUP BY ref

select oh_data_all.ra_hms,oh_data_all.dec_dms,oh_data_all.source_name,oh_data_all.ra,oh_data_all.dec,oh_data_all.l,oh_data_all.b,oh_data_all.grp,oh_data_all.grpv,oh_data_all.other_name,oh_data_all.other_desc,oh_data_all.thermal,oh_data_all.line,oh_data_all.freq,oh_data_all.pol,oh_data_all.vrange,oh_data_all.vpeak,oh_data_all.peak,oh_data_all.fwhm,oh_data_all.int,oh_data_all.rms,oh_data_all.units,oh_data_all.units_rms,oh_data_all.date_txt,oh_data_all.telescope_ref,oh_data_all.telescope_conf,oh_data_all.v_step,oh_data_all.beam,oh_data_all.beam_maj,oh_data_all.beam_min,oh_data_all.beam_pa,oh_data_all.ref,oh_data_all.list_ref,oh_data_all.ascii,oh_data_all.url,oh_data_all.image,oh_data_all.image2,oh_data_all.image3,oh_data_all.descr,oh_data_all.id,oh_data_all.mjy_flag,oh_data_all.rms_mjy_flag,oh_data_all.dist,oh_data_all.dist_parallax,oh_data_all.date_txt,line_det,type,simbad_types_cat FROM oh_data_all   LEFT JOIN all_objects_withmet ON oh_data_all.grp=all_objects_withmet.group_name LEFT JOIN object_categories ON all_objects_withmet.group_name = object_categories.group_name_cat AND object_categories.tbl_cat = 'all_objects_withmet' LEFT JOIN transitions ON oh_data_all.line=transitions."Line"  WHERE ref ilike 'DEW14' AND detected=true AND hide=false ORDER BY detected DESC,id

Display data from paper

DEW14 - A survey for ground-state OH masers towards a sample of Herbig-Haro objects

View as list of objects

Detection table from de Witt et al. (2014)