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BAY20B - Probing GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) with hydroxyl masers

Interferometry data

Short title: Bayandina et al. (2020B)
Authors: Bayandina, O. S.Colom, P.Kurtz, S. E.Rudnitskij, G. M.Shakhvorostova, N. N.Val'tts, I. E.
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 499, Issue 3, pp.3961-3975
Bibcode:
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Target type: High_mass_SFR,EGO,YSO
Observations category: SF.general
Facility type: interferometer
Transitions: OH_1612,OH_1665,OH_1667,OH_1720

Abstract
We present a study of 18 cm OH maser emission toward 20 high-mass young stellar object outflow candidates (Extended Green Objects, EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE). All four OH ground state lines at 1612, 1665, 1667, and 1720 MHz, together with 20-cm continuum emission, were observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array C-configuration. Follow-up polarimetric single-dish observations with the NanCay radio telescope were performed for the same OH transitions, except 1612 MHz. OH maser emission is found to be an uncommon feature of the sample, with a 50 per cent detection rate for the entire sample and a 44 per cent detection rate for the 'likely' EGOs. No 20-cm continuum emission is detected toward any of the sources. In most cases, the detected OH maser emission arises in vicinity to compact central sources; OH masers coexist with the 6.7 GHz methanol masers, but are found in more diffuse and extended halo-shaped regions of several thousand astronomical units in size. Comparing EGO samples with OH maser detection and non-detection, EGOs showing OH maser emission tend to have lower dust clump masses, but higher 24 and 4.5 um flux densities. Thus, OH maser emission might be an indicator of more evolved EGOs, since strong compact mid-infrared emission in the absence of compact radio continuum emission is thought to be associated with the later stage of massive star formation.

Abstract

We present a study of 18 cm OH maser emission toward 20 high-mass young stellar object outflow candidates (Extended Green Objects, EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE). All four OH ground state lines at 1612, 1665, 1667, and 1720 MHz, together with 20-cm continuum emission, were observed with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array C-configuration. Follow-up polarimetric single-dish observations with the NanCay radio telescope were performed for the same OH transitions, except 1612 MHz. OH maser emission is found to be an uncommon feature of the sample, with a 50 per cent detection rate for the entire sample and a 44 per cent detection rate for the 'likely' EGOs. No 20-cm continuum emission is detected toward any of the sources. In most cases, the detected OH maser emission arises in vicinity to compact central sources; OH masers coexist with the 6.7 GHz methanol masers, but are found in more diffuse and extended halo-shaped regions of several thousand astronomical units in size. Comparing EGO samples with OH maser detection and non-detection, EGOs showing OH maser emission tend to have lower dust clump masses, but higher 24 and 4.5 um flux densities. Thus, OH maser emission might be an indicator of more evolved EGOs, since strong compact mid-infrared emission in the absence of compact radio continuum emission is thought to be associated with the later stage of massive star formation.

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Detection table from Bayandina et al. (2020B)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	RA offset	Dec offset	l	b	Group id	grpv	#	Source name	Image	Descr.	Line	Frequency	V_peak	F_peak	∫F dv	Telescope	Configuration	RMS	Beam	PA	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(mas)	(mas)	(deg.)	(deg.)							OH	(MHz)	(km/s)	(Jy/beam)	(Jy/beam*km/s)			(Jy/beam)	(arcsec)	(deg.)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	+18 26 25.764	-12 03 53.7			19.364658	-0.030219	G19.365-0.030	G19.3647-0.0302		G19.36-0.03	Image	Descr	1665 MHz;	1665	20.94 .. 30.78	0.42 .. 5.46		NRAOVLA	C	0.020	18.47 x 10.69	23.53	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2013 Jul-Aug
	+18 26 25.757	-12 03 53.79	-105 mas	-88.8 mas	19.364623	-0.030205			1	G19.36-0.03				1665	20.94	2.60 (0.05)	2.81 (0.09)
	+18 26 25.764	-12 03 53.7	0 mas	1.2 mas	19.364658	-0.030219			2	G19.36-0.03				1665	21.29	5.46 (0.05)	5.53 (0.09)
	+18 26 25.758	-12 03 53.81	-90 mas	-108.8 mas	19.364620	-0.030211			3	G19.36-0.03				1665	21.64	3.65 (0.03)	3.64 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.771	-12 03 53.61	105 mas	91.2 mas	19.364694	-0.030232			4	G19.36-0.03				1665	21.99	0.99 (0.03)	0.87 (0.05)
	+18 26 25.728	-12 03 54.94	-540 mas	-1238.8 mas	19.364285	-0.030250			5	G19.36-0.03				1665	22.35	0.58 (0.03)	0.65 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.77	-12 03 54.01	90 mas	-308.8 mas	19.364593	-0.030280			6	G19.36-0.03				1665	22.7	0.55 (0.03)	0.51 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.721	-12 03 53.28	-645 mas	421.2 mas	19.364680	-0.030009			7	G19.36-0.03				1665	30.43	0.42 (0.03)	0.35 (0.05)
	+18 26 25.744	-12 03 53.3	-300 mas	401.2 mas	19.364719	-0.030095			8	G19.36-0.03				1665	30.78	1.55 (0.04)	1.42 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.777	-12 03 52.84	195 mas	861.2 mas	19.364894	-0.030154			9	G19.36-0.03				1665	30.43	0.48 (0.03)	0.52 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.75	-12 03 53.33	-210 mas	371.2 mas	19.364723	-0.030120			10	G19.36-0.03				1665	30.78	1.64 (0.04)	1.58 (0.06)
2	+18 26 25.759	-12 03 53.48			19.364703	-0.030172	G19.365-0.030	G19.3647-0.0302		G19.36-0.03	Image		1667 MHz;	1667	19.9 .. 23.06	0.29 .. 1.25		NRAOVLA	C	0.030	17.97 x 10.89	19.65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2013 Jul-Aug
	+18 26 25.739	-12 03 54.44	-299.4 mas	-958.4 mas	19.364429	-0.030224			1	G19.36-0.03				1667	19.9	0.41 (0.03)	0.43 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.765	-12 03 53.48	90.6 mas	1.6 mas	19.364714	-0.030194			2	G19.36-0.03				1667	20.25	1.11 (0.03)	1.14 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.759	-12 03 53.48	0.6 mas	1.6 mas	19.364703	-0.030172			3	G19.36-0.03				1667	20.6	1.25 (0.03)	1.25 (0.05)
	+18 26 25.792	-12 03 53.22	495.6 mas	261.6 mas	19.364829	-0.030257			4	G19.36-0.03				1667	20.96	0.53 (0.03)	0.52 (0.06)
	+18 26 25.75	-12 03 53.52	-134.4 mas	-38.4 mas	19.364676	-0.030145			5	G19.36-0.03				1667	21.66	0.38 (0.03)	0.52 (0.07)
	+18 26 25.805	-12 03 53.53	690.6 mas	-48.4 mas	19.364778	-0.030344			6	G19.36-0.03				1667	22.36	0.29 (0.03)	0.26 (0.04)
	+18 26 25.788	-12 03 53.45	435.6 mas	31.6 mas	19.364765	-0.030273			7	G19.36-0.03				1667	23.06	0.34 (0.03)	0.34 (0.05)
	+18 26 25.786	-12 03 53.37	405.6 mas	111.6 mas	19.364781	-0.030255			8	G19.36-0.03				1667	21.66	0.38 (0.04)	0.37 (0.06)
3	+18 34 40.233	-09 00 38.85			23.009522	-0.410499	G23.010-0.410	G23.0097-0.4104		G23.01-0.41	Image	Descr	1665 MHz;	1665	66.34 .. 76.54	0.78 .. 36.59		NRAOVLA	C	0.020	16.81 x 10.97	13.67	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2013 Jul-Aug
	+18 34 40.248	-09 00 38.78	223.2 mas	71.2 mas	23.009568	-0.410545			1	G23.01-0.41				1665	66.34	1.25 (0.04)	1.44 (0.08)
	+18 34 40.228	-09 00 39.07	-76.8 mas	-218.8 mas	23.009459	-0.410509			2	G23.01-0.41				1665	66.69	2.41 (0.05)	2.72 (0.11)
	+18 34 40.231	-09 00 39.08	-31.8 mas	-228.8 mas	23.009462	-0.410521			3	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.05	5.42 (0.09)	6.37 (0.17)
	+18 34 40.23	-09 00 38.93	-46.8 mas	-78.8 mas	23.009497	-0.410498			4	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.4	6.30 (0.09)	7.42 (0.19)
	+18 34 40.228	-09 00 38.87	-76.8 mas	-18.8 mas	23.009508	-0.410483			5	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.75	5.42 (0.08)	6.55 (0.17)
	+18 34 40.223	-09 00 38.91	-151.8 mas	-58.8 mas	23.009489	-0.410470			6	G23.01-0.41				1665	68.1	2.41 (0.05)	2.81 (0.11)
	+18 34 40.231	-09 00 38.8	-31.8 mas	51.2 mas	23.009531	-0.410485			7	G23.01-0.41				1665	68.45	1.77 (0.05)	2.19 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.231	-09 00 38.89	-31.8 mas	-38.8 mas	23.009509	-0.410496			8	G23.01-0.41				1665	68.8	3.17 (0.06)	3.71 (0.12)
	+18 34 40.23	-09 00 39.02	-46.8 mas	-168.8 mas	23.009475	-0.410509			9	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.16	1.21 (0.04)	1.43 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.225	-09 00 39.06	-121.8 mas	-208.8 mas	23.009455	-0.410496			10	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.51	5.77 (0.09)	6.87 (0.18)
	+18 34 40.228	-09 00 38.98	-76.8 mas	-128.8 mas	23.009481	-0.410497			11	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.86	19.43 (0.23)	23.08 (0.47)
	+18 34 40.233	-09 00 38.99	-1.8 mas	-138.8 mas	23.009488	-0.410517			12	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.21	5.63 (0.09)	6.75 (0.17)
	+18 34 40.232	-09 00 38.92	-16.8 mas	-68.8 mas	23.009503	-0.410504			13	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.56	7.18 (0.10)	8.45 (0.20)
	+18 34 40.225	-09 00 38.93	-121.8 mas	-78.8 mas	23.009487	-0.410480			14	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.91	5.01 (0.08)	5.95 (0.16)
	+18 34 40.212	-09 00 39.22	-316.8 mas	-368.8 mas	23.009391	-0.410469			15	G23.01-0.41				1665	71.62	0.89 (0.04)	1.05 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.229	-09 00 38.92	-61.8 mas	-68.8 mas	23.009497	-0.410493			16	G23.01-0.41				1665	72.32	0.89 (0.04)	1.10 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.232	-09 00 38.4	-16.8 mas	451.2 mas	23.009631	-0.410437			17	G23.01-0.41				1665	73.38	2.76 (0.06)	3.39 (0.12)
	+18 34 40.23	-09 00 38.86	-46.8 mas	-8.8 mas	23.009514	-0.410489			18	G23.01-0.41				1665	73.73	8.82 (0.12)	10.52 (0.24)
	+18 34 40.229	-09 00 38.83	-61.8 mas	21.2 mas	23.009520	-0.410482			19	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.08	3.77 (0.07)	4.47 (0.13)
	+18 34 40.223	-09 00 39.01	-151.8 mas	-158.8 mas	23.009464	-0.410483			20	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.43	1.54 (0.05)	1.68 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.222	-09 00 39.08	-166.8 mas	-228.8 mas	23.009445	-0.410488			21	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.78	3.53 (0.07)	4.13 (0.13)
	+18 34 40.225	-09 00 38.95	-121.8 mas	-98.8 mas	23.009482	-0.410482			22	G23.01-0.41				1665	75.13	6.13 (0.09)	7.23 (0.18)
	+18 34 40.234	-09 00 38.66	13.2 mas	191.2 mas	23.009571	-0.410478			23	G23.01-0.41				1665	75.48	5.28 (0.08)	6.24 (0.17)
	+18 34 40.235	-09 00 38.53	28.2 mas	321.2 mas	23.009605	-0.410465			24	G23.01-0.41				1665	75.84	1.90 (0.05)	2.20 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.225	-09 00 38.66	-121.8 mas	191.2 mas	23.009554	-0.410445			25	G23.01-0.41				1665	76.19	2.83 (0.06)	3.30 (0.11)
	+18 34 40.217	-09 00 38.83	-241.8 mas	21.2 mas	23.009497	-0.410438			26	G23.01-0.41				1665	76.54	1.18 (0.04)	1.37 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.232	-09 00 38.86	-16.8 mas	-8.8 mas	23.009518	-0.410496			27	G23.01-0.41				1665	66.34	3.32 (0.08)	3.91 (0.17)
	+18 34 40.221	-09 00 39.08	-181.8 mas	-228.8 mas	23.009443	-0.410484			28	G23.01-0.41				1665	66.69	2.31 (0.06)	2.67 (0.12)
	+18 34 40.23	-09 00 39.03	-46.8 mas	-178.8 mas	23.009472	-0.410511			29	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.05	4.01 (0.09)	4.69 (0.18)
	+18 34 40.222	-09 00 39.16	-166.8 mas	-308.8 mas	23.009425	-0.410498			30	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.4	2.73 (0.07)	3.27 (0.15)
	+18 34 40.217	-09 00 39.06	-241.8 mas	-208.8 mas	23.009440	-0.410467			31	G23.01-0.41				1665	67.75	1.31 (0.05)	1.42 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.252	-09 00 38.58	283.2 mas	271.2 mas	23.009625	-0.410534			32	G23.01-0.41				1665	68.45	0.78 (0.04)	0.86 (0.08)
	+18 34 40.208	-09 00 39.51	-376.8 mas	-658.8 mas	23.009312	-0.410492			33	G23.01-0.41				1665	68.6	1.06 (0.05)	1.17 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.239	-09 00 38.81	88.2 mas	41.2 mas	23.009544	-0.410515			34	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.16	2.55 (0.07)	2.99 (0.14)
	+18 34 40.192	-09 00 39.67	-616.8 mas	-818.8 mas	23.009242	-0.410454			35	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.51	0.80 (0.05)	0.89 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.243	-09 00 38.7	148.2 mas	151.2 mas	23.009578	-0.410516			36	G23.01-0.41				1665	69.86	4.10 (0.09)	4.81 (0.19)
	+18 34 40.223	-09 00 38.95	-151.8 mas	-98.8 mas	23.009479	-0.410475			37	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.21	1.51 (0.05)	1.71 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.233	-09 00 39.32	-1.8 mas	-468.8 mas	23.009406	-0.410559			38	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.56	1.92 (0.06)	2.26 (0.12)
	+18 34 40.25	-09 00 39.11	253.2 mas	-258.8 mas	23.009490	-0.410594			39	G23.01-0.41				1665	70.91	1.12 (0.05)	1.36 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.25	-09 00 38.81	253.2 mas	41.2 mas	23.009564	-0.410556			40	G23.01-0.41				1665	71.27	1.02 (0.05)	1.11 (0.10)
	+18 34 40.229	-09 00 38.78	-61.8 mas	71.2 mas	23.009532	-0.410475			41	G23.01-0.41				1665	71.97	1.10 (0.04)	1.29 (0.09)
	+18 34 40.235	-09 00 38.9	28.2 mas	-48.8 mas	23.009514	-0.410512			42	G23.01-0.41				1665	72.67	2.52 (0.07)	2.99 (0.14)
	+18 34 40.229	-09 00 38.91	-61.8 mas	-58.8 mas	23.009500	-0.410492			43	G23.01-0.41				1665	73.38	19.14 (0.25)	22.46 (0.51)
	+18 34 40.233	-09 00 38.85	-1.8 mas	1.2 mas	23.009522	-0.410499			44	G23.01-0.41				1665	73.73	36.59 (0.46)	43.10 (0.92)
	+18 34 40.231	-09 00 38.87	-31.8 mas	-18.8 mas	23.009514	-0.410494			45	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.08	6.95 (0.12)	8.17 (0.25)
	+18 34 40.229	-09 00 38.92	-61.8 mas	-68.8 mas	23.009497	-0.410493			46	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.43	6.30 (0.12)	7.44 (0.23)
	+18 34 40.195	-09 00 39.17	-571.8 mas	-318.8 mas	23.009371	-0.410401			47	G23.01-0.41				1665	74.78	2.10 (0.07)	2.48 (0.13)
	+18 34 40.224	-09 00 38.88	-136.8 mas	-28.8 mas	23.009498	-0.410470			48	G23.01-0.41				1665	75.13	3.23 (0.08)	3.84 (0.17)
4	+18 34 40.241	-09 00 38.63			23.009592	-0.4105	G23.010-0.410	G23.0097-0.4104		G23.01-0.41	Image		1667 MHz;	1667	62.78 .. 94.73	0.29 .. 0.87		NRAOVLA	C	0.020	17.15 x 11.28	13.83	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2013 Jul-Aug
	+18 34 40.248	-09 00 38.44	104.4 mas	191.6 mas	23.009652	-0.410501			1	G23.01-0.41				1667	62.78	0.36 (0.03)	0.49 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.374	-09 00 37.89	1994.4 mas	741.6 mas	23.010026	-0.410891			2	G23.01-0.41				1667	65.58	0.36 (0.03)	0.48 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.203	-09 00 39.53	-570.6 mas	-898.4 mas	23.009298	-0.410476			3	G23.01-0.41				1667	74.72	0.57 (0.03)	0.71 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.16	-09 00 39.5	-1215.6 mas	-868.4 mas	23.009224	-0.410315			4	G23.01-0.41				1667	83.49	0.73 (0.03)	0.87 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.126	-09 00 39.89	-1725.6 mas	-1258.4 mas	23.009063	-0.410241			5	G23.01-0.41				1667	83.85	0.34 (0.03)	0.36 (0.05)
	+18 34 40.188	-09 00 40.03	-795.6 mas	-1398.4 mas	23.009146	-0.410485			6	G23.01-0.41				1667	93.33	0.35 (0.03)	0.44 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.127	-09 00 38.02	-1710.6 mas	611.6 mas	23.009526	-0.410005			7	G23.01-0.41				1667	94.38	0.30 (0.03)	0.33 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.119	-09 00 38.24	-1830.6 mas	391.6 mas	23.009457	-0.410004			8	G23.01-0.41				1667	94.73	0.29 (0.03)	0.40 (0.06)
	+18 34 40.241	-09 00 38.63	-0.6 mas	1.6 mas	23.009592	-0.410500			9	G23.01-0.41				1667	63.13	0.87 (0.03)	1.09 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.271	-09 00 37.34	449.4 mas	1291.6 mas	23.009967	-0.410444			10	G23.01-0.41				1667	63.48	0.43 (0.03)	0.52 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.244	-09 00 39.44	44.4 mas	-808.4 mas	23.009398	-0.410614			11	G23.01-0.41				1667	76.47	0.72 (0.04)	0.81 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.185	-09 00 38.59	-840.6 mas	41.6 mas	23.009495	-0.410290			12	G23.01-0.41				1667	93.33	0.42 (0.03)	0.51 (0.07)
	+18 34 40.18	-09 00 38.72	-915.6 mas	-88.4 mas	23.009454	-0.410288			13	G23.01-0.41				1667	93.68	0.36 (0.03)	0.36 (0.06)
5	+18 36 31.559	-07 04 17.36			24.942692	0.073997	G24.943+0.074	G24.9429+0.0741		G24.94+0.07	Image		1612 MHz;	1612	43.04 .. 44.86	0.54 .. 0.64		NRAOVLA	C	0.030	16.27 x 11.21	10.36	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2013 Jul-Aug
	+18 36 31.559	-07 04 17.36	-0.6 mas	0.4 mas	24.942692	0.073997			1	G24.94+0.07				1612	44.86	0.64 (0.03)	0.79 (0.07)
	+18 36 31.592	-07 04 15.88	494.4 mas	1480.4 mas	24.943120	0.074065			2	G24.94+0.07				1612	43.04	0.54 (0.04)	0.61 (0.08)
	+18 36 31.61	-07 04 15.61	764.4 mas	1750.4 mas	24.943221	0.074034			3	G24.94+0.07				1612	43.4	0.64 (0.04)	0.73 (0.08)
6	+18 36 31.588	-07 04 16.9			24.942861	0.07395	G24.943+0.074	G24.9429+0.0741		G24.94+0.07	Image

Display data from paper

BAY20B - Probing GLIMPSE Extended Green Objects (EGOs) with hydroxyl masers

Interferometry data

View as list of objects

Detection table from Bayandina et al. (2020B)