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KAN16 - Linear Polarization of Class I Methanol Masers in Massive Star-forming Regions

Short title: Kang et al. (2016)
Authors: Kang, Ji-hyun Byun, Do-Young Kim, Kee-Tae Kim, Jongsoo Lyo, A.-Ran Vlemmings, W. H. T.
Journal: The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Volume 227, Issue 2, article id. 17, 18 pp. (2016).
Bibcode:

Non-detection table: Show non-detection table
Detection table: Show detection table (78 detection)
Target type: Class_I(44)
Transitions: SiO_1-0v0,CH3OH_25-30_GHz(I),CH3OH_36(I),CH3OH_44(I),CH3OH_84(I),CH3OH_95(I),CH3OH_6(II),CH3OH_37(II),CH3OH_38(II)

Abstract
Class I methanol masers are found to be good tracers of the interaction between outflows from massive young stellar objects with their surrounding media. Although polarization observations of Class II methanol masers have been able to provide information about magnetic fields close to the central (proto)stars, polarization observations of Class I methanol masers are rare, especially at 44 and 95 GHz. We present the results of linear polarization observations of 39 Class I methanol maser sources at 44 and 95 GHz. These two lines are observed simultaneously with one of the 21 m Korean VLBI Network telescopes in single-dish mode. Approximately 60% of the observed sources have fractional polarizations of a few percent in at least one transition. This is the first reported detection of linear polarization of the 44 GHz methanol maser. The two maser transitions show similar polarization properties, indicating that they trace similar magnetic environments, although the fraction of the linear polarization is slightly higher at 95 GHz. We discuss the association between the directions of polarization angles and outflows. We also discuss some targets having different polarization properties at both lines, including DR21(OH) and G82.58+0.20, which show the 90� polarization angle flip at 44 GHz. eprintid: arXiv:1701.03543	Target sources: Korean VLBI Network (KVN) 44 GHz methanol maser survey (Kim et al. 2012)

Abstract

Class I methanol masers are found to be good tracers of the interaction between outflows from massive young stellar objects with their surrounding media. Although polarization observations of Class II methanol masers have been able to provide information about magnetic fields close to the central (proto)stars, polarization observations of Class I methanol masers are rare, especially at 44 and 95 GHz. We present the results of linear polarization observations of 39 Class I methanol maser sources at 44 and 95 GHz. These two lines are observed simultaneously with one of the 21 m Korean VLBI Network telescopes in single-dish mode. Approximately 60% of the observed sources have fractional polarizations of a few percent in at least one transition. This is the first reported detection of linear polarization of the 44 GHz methanol maser. The two maser transitions show similar polarization properties, indicating that they trace similar magnetic environments, although the fraction of the linear polarization is slightly higher at 95 GHz. We discuss the association between the directions of polarization angles and outflows. We also discuss some targets having different polarization properties at both lines, including DR21(OH) and G82.58+0.20, which show the 90� polarization angle flip at 44 GHz. eprintid:

Target sources:
Korean VLBI Network (KVN) 44 GHz methanol maser survey (Kim et al. 2012)

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Detection table from Kang et al. (2016)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Descr.	Line	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)				CH₃OH (class I)	(km/s)	(Jy)		(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	05 35 27.1	-05 09 52.5	208.8193	-19.2427	G208.816-19.239	OMC2		44 GHz (I);	11.1	210	KVN	0.360	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
2	05 35 27.1	-05 09 52.5	208.8193	-19.2427	G208.816-19.239	OMC2		95 GHz (I);	11.1	290	KVN	0.710	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
3	05 39 13.1	+35 45 51.3	173.4817	2.4461	G173.481+2.446	S231a		44 GHz (I);	-16.7	26	KVN	0.250	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
4	05 39 13.1	+35 45 51.3	173.4817	2.4461	G173.481+2.446	S231a		95 GHz (I);	-16.7	22	KVN	0.720	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
5	05 40 53.3	+35 41 46.9	173.7191	2.6975	G173.719+2.698	S235		44 GHz (I);	-16.4	74	KVN	0.310	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
6	05 40 53.3	+35 41 46.9	173.7191	2.6975	G173.719+2.698	S235		95 GHz (I);	-16.4	60	KVN	0.830	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II -OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
7	06 12 53.6	+18 00 25.1	192.5845	-0.0411	G192.599-0.048	S255N		44 GHz (I);	11	260	KVN	0.300	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
8	06 12 53.6	+18 00 25.1	192.5845	-0.0411	G192.599-0.048	S255N		95 GHz (I);	11	190	KVN	0.520	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
9	06 41 8.1	+09 29 40	203.3113	2.0497	G203.316+2.055	NGC2264		44 GHz (I);	7.2	170	KVN	0.330	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
10	06 41 8.1	+09 29 40	203.3113	2.0497	G203.316+2.055	NGC2264		95 GHz (I);	7.2	120	KVN	0.850	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
11	17 41 20.1	-30 45 14.4	357.9651	-0.1636	G357.967-0.162	G357.96-0.16		44 GHz (I);	-5	66	KVN	0.420	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
12	17 41 20.1	-30 45 14.4	357.9651	-0.1636	G357.967-0.162	G357.96-0.16		95 GHz (I);	-5	47	KVN	0.690	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
13	17 45 39.1	-29 23 29	359.6150	-0.2430	G359.615-0.243	G359.61-0.24		44 GHz (I);	19.3	99	KVN	0.470	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
14	17 45 39.1	-29 23 29	359.6150	-0.2430	G359.615-0.243	G359.61-0.24		95 GHz (I);	19.3	53	KVN	1.210	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
15	17 47 19.2	-28 22 14.5	0.6770	-0.0250	G0.6771-0.0269	G0.67-0.02		44 GHz (I);	69.2	33	KVN	1.940	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
16	17 47 19.2	-28 22 14.5	0.6770	-0.0250	G0.6771-0.0269	G0.67-0.02		95 GHz (I);	65.5	30	KVN	4.380	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
17	18 04 53	-24 26 40.5	6.0485	-1.4464	G6.050-1.449	IRAS18018-2426b		44 GHz (I);	10.9	690	KVN	0.520	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
18	18 04 53	-24 26 40.5	6.0485	-1.4464	G6.050-1.449	IRAS18018-2426b		95 GHz (I);	10.8	260	KVN	0.880	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
19	18 09 00	-20 03 35	10.3424	-0.1423	G10.322-0.148	G10.34-0.14		44 GHz (I);	14.6	110	KVN	0.390	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
20	18 09 00	-20 03 35	10.3424	-0.1423	G10.322-0.148	G10.34-0.14		95 GHz (I);	14.6	78	KVN	0.660	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
21	18 09 22.9	-20 08 5.8	10.3199	-0.2570	G10.320-0.259	G10.32-0.26	Descr	44 GHz (I);	32.4	170	KVN	0.500	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
22	18 09 22.9	-20 08 5.8	10.3199	-0.2570	G10.320-0.259	G10.32-0.26		95 GHz (I);	32.5	69	KVN	0.860	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
23	18 10 29.1	-19 55 48.2	10.6245	-0.3849	G10.623-0.383	G10.62-0.38		44 GHz (I);	-6.8	100	KVN	0.600	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
24	18 10 29.1	-19 55 48.2	10.6245	-0.3849	G10.623-0.383	G10.62-0.38		95 GHz (I);	-6.7	28	KVN	2.140	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
25	18 13 58.1	-18 54 31	11.9151	-0.6145	G11.918-0.613	G11.92-0.61		44 GHz (I);	35.2	67	KVN	0.600	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
26	18 13 58.1	-18 54 31	11.9151	-0.6145	G11.918-0.613	G11.92-0.61		95 GHz (I);	35.2	30	KVN	1.520	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
27	18 14 11.2	-17 56 00	12.7963	-0.1935	G12.797-0.193	W33MET		44 GHz (I);	32.8	54	KVN	0.810	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
28	18 14 11.2	-17 56 00	12.7963	-0.1935	G12.797-0.193	W33MET		95 GHz (I);	32.8	36	KVN	1.810	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
29	18 17 24.1	-17 22 14.1	13.6560	-0.5988	G13.657-0.600	G13.66-0.60		44 GHz (I);	48.3	65	KVN	0.730	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
30	18 17 24.1	-17 22 14.1	13.6560	-0.5988	G13.657-0.600	G13.66-0.60		95 GHz (I);	48.4	47	KVN	1.880	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
31	18 17 50	-12 08 6.5	18.3154	1.7920	G18.317+1.792	G18.34+1.78SW	Descr	44 GHz (I);	30.4	620	KVN	0.430	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I	UNK		August to December 2013
32	18 17 50	-12 08 6.5	18.3154	1.7920	G18.317+1.792	G18.34+1.78SW		95 GHz (I);	30.3	390	KVN	0.770	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I	UNK		August to December 2013
33	18 18 54.2	-16 48 0.5	14.3284	-0.6447	G14.332-0.642	G14.33-0.63		44 GHz (I);	23.3	170	KVN	0.830	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
34	18 18 54.2	-16 48 0.5	14.3284	-0.6447	G14.332-0.642	G14.33-0.63		95 GHz (I);	23.4	100	KVN	2.160	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
35	18 19 12.5	-20 47 24.8	10.8435	-2.5921	G10.841-2.592	GGD27		44 GHz (I);	13.2	130	KVN	0.600	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
36	18 19 12.5	-20 47 24.8	10.8435	-2.5921	G10.841-2.592	GGD27		95 GHz (I);	13.1	58	KVN	1.560	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
37	18 26 25.8	-12 03 57	19.3639	-0.0308	G19.364-0.030	G19.36-0.03		44 GHz (I);	26.5	130	KVN	0.440	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
38	18 26 25.8	-12 03 57	19.3639	-0.0308	G19.364-0.030	G19.36-0.03		95 GHz (I);	26.2	79	KVN	0.840	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
39	18 29 23.3	-15 15 29.9	16.8702	-2.1504	G16.868-2.158	L379		44 GHz (I);	17.6	140	KVN	0.510	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
40	18 29 23.3	-15 15 29.9	16.8702	-2.1504	G16.868-2.158	L379		95 GHz (I);	17.6	77	KVN	0.920	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
41	18 34 20.9	-05 59 40.5	25.6501	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.04		44 GHz (I);	41.6	63	KVN	0.460	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
42	18 34 20.9	-05 59 40.5	25.6501	1.0497	G25.649+1.050	G25.65+1.04		95 GHz (I);	41.6	60	KVN	1.090	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
43	18 34 39.3	-08 31 39	23.4367	-0.1844	G23.437-0.184	G23.43-0.18		44 GHz (I);	101.3	71	KVN	0.320	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
44	18 34 39.3	-08 31 39	23.4367	-0.1844	G23.437-0.184	G23.43-0.18		95 GHz (I);	102.3	32	KVN	1.910	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
45	18 39 3.6	-06 24 9.5	25.8258	-0.1780	G25.826-0.178	G25.82-0.17		44 GHz (I);	90.4	83	KVN	0.380	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
46	18 39 3.6	-06 24 9.5	25.8258	-0.1780	G25.826-0.178	G25.82-0.17		95 GHz (I);	90.2	81	KVN	2.480	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
47	18 41 51	-05 01 28	27.3687	-0.1636	G27.367-0.165	G27.36-0.16		44 GHz (I);	94	180	KVN	0.360	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
48	18 41 51	-05 01 28	27.3687	-0.1636	G27.367-0.165	G27.36-0.16		95 GHz (I);	94.1	100	KVN	0.850	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
49	18 42 52.1	-03 59 45	28.3995	0.0811	G28.397+0.078	G28.37-0.07MM1		44 GHz (I);	76.4	61	KVN	0.480	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
50	18 42 52.1	-03 59 45	28.3995	0.0811	G28.397+0.078	G28.37-0.07MM1		95 GHz (I);	76.5	32	KVN	0.800	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
51	18 42 54.5	-04 00 04	28.3994	0.0698	G28.397+0.078	G28.39+0.08		44 GHz (I);	79.4	49	KVN	0.390	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
52	18 42 54.5	-04 00 04	28.3994	0.0698	G28.397+0.078	G28.39+0.08		95 GHz (I);	79.4	29	KVN	0.640	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
53	18 46 5.4	-02 42 17.1	29.9153	-0.0443	G29.915-0.043	G29.91-0.03		44 GHz (I);	98.2	410	KVN	0.420	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
54	18 46 5.4	-02 42 17.1	29.9153	-0.0443	G29.915-0.043	G29.91-0.03		95 GHz (I);	98.2	220	KVN	0.770	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
55	18 47 46.8	-01 54 14	30.8206	-0.0547	G30.817-0.057	G30.82-0.05		44 GHz (I);	96.9	46	KVN	0.390	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
56	18 47 46.8	-01 54 14	30.8206	-0.0547	G30.817-0.057	G30.82-0.05		95 GHz (I);	96.6	32	KVN	1.260	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
57	19 05 41.4	+06 26 08	40.2811	-0.2208	G40.282-0.220	G40.25-0.19	Descr	44 GHz (I);	72.7	130	KVN	0.330	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
58	19 05 41.4	+06 26 08	40.2811	-0.2208	G40.282-0.220	G40.25-0.19		95 GHz (I);	72.7	120	KVN	0.580	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
59	19 23 44	+14 30 31	49.4890	-0.3881	G49.488-0.387	G49.49-0.39		44 GHz (I);	49.1	97	KVN	0.880	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
60	19 23 44	+14 30 31	49.4890	-0.3881	G49.488-0.387	G49.49-0.39		95 GHz (I);	55.7	45	KVN	2.310	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
61	19 23 46.5	+14 29 41	49.4816	-0.4037	G49.488-0.387	W51MET2a		44 GHz (I);	56.6	32	KVN	0.370	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
62	19 23 46.5	+14 29 41	49.4816	-0.4037	G49.488-0.387	W51MET2a		95 GHz (I);	56.6	25	KVN	0.840	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
63	19 41 3.1	+24 01 15	59.7895	0.6307	G59.789+0.631	G59.79+0.63		44 GHz (I);	30.8	110	KVN	0.220	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
64	19 41 3.1	+24 01 15	59.7895	0.6307	G59.789+0.631	G59.79+0.63		95 GHz (I);	30.8	67	KVN	0.670	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		August to December 2013
65	20 38 37.2	+42 38 08	81.8800	0.7844	G81.876+0.782	W75N		44 GHz (I);	8.8	25	KVN	0.620	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
66	20 38 37.2	+42 38 08	81.8800	0.7844	G81.876+0.782	W75N		95 GHz (I);	8.9	13	KVN	0.970	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR_MIXED		August to December 2013
67	20 38 54.8	+42 19 22.5	81.6646	0.5514	G81.711+0.563	DR21W		44 GHz (I);	-2.6	230	KVN	0.210	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
68	20 38 54.8	+42 19 22.5	81.6646	0.5514	G81.711+0.563	DR21W		95 GHz (I);	-2.5	210	KVN	0.480	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
69	20 38 59.3	+42 22 48.7	81.7184	0.5753	G81.711+0.563	DR21(OH)	Descr	44 GHz (I);	-0.1	390	KVN	0.240	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
70	20 38 59.3	+42 22 48.7	81.7184	0.5753	G81.711+0.563	DR21(OH)		95 GHz (I);	0.0	310	KVN	1.350	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
71	20 39 1.8	+42 19 21.1	81.6773	0.5342	G81.711+0.563	DR21		44 GHz (I);	-3.7	88	KVN	0.370	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
72	20 39 1.8	+42 19 21.1	81.6773	0.5342	G81.711+0.563	DR21		95 GHz (I);	-3.8	61	KVN	0.760	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
73	20 39 3.5	+42 26 0.2	81.7686	0.5974	G81.767+0.596	W75S(3)a		44 GHz (I);	-5.1	50	KVN	0.740	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
74	20 39 3.5	+42 26 0.2	81.7686	0.5974	G81.767+0.596	W75S(3)a		95 GHz (I);	-5.2	30	KVN	1.790	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
75	20 43 28.5	+42 50 0.9	82.5829	0.2014	G82.583+0.201	G82.58+0.20	Descr	44 GHz (I);	10.3	240	KVN	0.200	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
76	20 43 28.5	+42 50 0.9	82.5829	0.2014	G82.583+0.201	G82.58+0.20		95 GHz (I);	10.3	170	KVN	0.640	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I -CH₃OH II -SiO	SFR		August to December 2013
77	23 13 42	+61 27 29.7	111.5317	0.7689	G111.542+0.769	NGC7538		44 GHz (I);	-57.4	57	KVN	0.260	65	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013
78	23 13 42	+61 27 29.7	111.5317	0.7689	G111.542+0.769	NGC7538		95 GHz (I);	-57.3	20	KVN	0.750	30	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		August to December 2013

Distribution of sources in all sky (l,b)

Distribution of sources in all sky using Aladin

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Distribution of sources in IRAS color-color diagram

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Original color diagram is taken form van der Veen & Habing (1987)

Type	Description
I	Oxygen-rich non-variable stars without circumstellar shells
II	Variable stars with "young" O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIa	Variable stars with more evolved O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIb	Variable stars with thick O-rich circumstellar shells
IV	Variable stars with very thick O-rich circumstellar shells
V	Planetary nebulae and non- variable stars with very cool circumstellar shells
VIa	Variable stars with relatively cold dust at large distances; a significant part of the stars is carbon-rich
VIb	Variable stars with relatively hot dust close to the star and relatively cold dust at large distances; Some of the objects have proven to be O-rich
VII	Variable stars with more evolved C-rich circumstellar shells
VIII	Different sort of objects

Distribution of the detection velocities versus galactic longitude from KAN16

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