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CAS11 - A water maser survey towards the Galactic Centre

Short title: Caswell et al. (2011)
Authors: Caswell, J. L.Breen, S. L.Ellingsen, S. P.
Journal: Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 410, Issue 2, pp. 1283-1294.
Bibcode:

Non-detection table: Show non-detection table
Detection table: Show detection table (51 detection) Non-detection table: Show non-detection table (3 non-detection)
Target type: Galaxy_center,Blind
Transitions: CH3OH_6(II)

Abstract
We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array to survey the Galactic Centre for the 22-GHz transition of water. The survey provides an unbiased search for water masers within a 0.5 deg² region about the Centre, and the small synthesized beam directly yields positions to arcsecond accuracy. The detected sources were re-observed 4 months later and showed considerable changes in their spectra, with two sources found in the follow-up that were not seen in the original survey, yielding a total of 27 maser detections. Comparison with methanol and OH surveys shows that, at current sensitivity levels, water masers greatly outnumber the other species. 12 of our maser detections had previously been reported, discovered during searches towards interesting targets in the survey area. The majority of our sources are quite weak, consistent with excitation by young massive stars mostly near the Galactic Centre. Our spectra reveal high-velocity outflows at one-quarter of the water maser sites, a statistic similar to sites in the remainder of the Galaxy.

Abstract

We have used the Australia Telescope Compact Array to survey the Galactic Centre for the 22-GHz transition of water. The survey provides an unbiased search for water masers within a 0.5 deg² region about the Centre, and the small synthesized beam directly yields positions to arcsecond accuracy. The detected sources were re-observed 4 months later and showed considerable changes in their spectra, with two sources found in the follow-up that were not seen in the original survey, yielding a total of 27 maser detections.

Comparison with methanol and OH surveys shows that, at current sensitivity levels, water masers greatly outnumber the other species. 12 of our maser detections had previously been reported, discovered during searches towards interesting targets in the survey area. The majority of our sources are quite weak, consistent with excitation by young massive stars mostly near the Galactic Centre. Our spectra reveal high-velocity outflows at one-quarter of the water maser sites, a statistic similar to sites in the remainder of the Galaxy.

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Detection table from Caswell et al. (2011)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Other name	Image	Descr.	Line	V_range	V_peak	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Dist. (parallax)	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)			Obs type			H₂O	(km/s)	(km/s)	(Jy)		(km/s)	(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No		(kpc)
1	17 46 27.3	-29 22 0.5	359.7270	-0.3796	G359.725-0.392	359.727-0.380	Follow-up	Image		22 GHz;	-7;-3	-5	80	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH II	EVOLVED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 27.3	-29 22 0.5	359.7270	-0.3796	G359.725-0.392	359.727-0.380	Survey			22 GHz;	-7;-3	-5	15	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O -CH₃OH II	EVOLVED		2007 October 9
3	17 46 28.7	-29 20 29.5	359.7513	-0.3710	G359.751-0.371	359.751-0.371	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-65;69	-15	6	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +OH	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 28.7	-29 20 29.5	359.7513	-0.3710	G359.751-0.371	359.751-0.371	Survey			22 GHz;	-65;69	-58	9.6	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +OH	SFR		2007 October 9
5	17 45 36.3	-29 05 50	359.8609	-0.0813	G359.8613-0.0808	359.861-0.081	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	3;16	13	4.5	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH I	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 45 36.3	-29 05 50	359.8609	-0.0813	G359.8613-0.0808	359.861-0.081	Survey			22 GHz;	3;16	12	4.3	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH I	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
7	17 45 37.9	-29 05 45	359.8651	-0.0855	G359.8654-0.0863	359.865-0.085	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-36;32	-19	1.65	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
8	17 46 40.5	-29 12 54.7	359.8816	-0.3420	G359.882-0.342	359.882-0.342	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	87;100	97	0.25	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 40.5	-29 12 54.7	359.8816	-0.3420	G359.882-0.342	359.882-0.342	Survey			22 GHz;	87;100	97	0.82	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
10	17 45 37.5	-29 03 50.1	359.8916	-0.0676	G359.8928-0.0671	359.892-0.068	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	18;39	28	1.6	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 45 37.5	-29 03 50.1	359.8916	-0.0676	G359.8928-0.0671	359.892-0.068	Survey			22 GHz;	18;39	27	0.89	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
12	17 46 1.9	-29 03 58.7	359.9358	-0.1446	G359.9360-0.1446	359.936-0.145	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-59;24	-19	12.7	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 1.9	-29 03 58.7	359.9358	-0.1446	G359.9360-0.1446	359.936-0.145	Survey			22 GHz;	-59;24	-18	5.2	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +OH	EVOLVED		2007 October 9
14	17 45 56.1	-28 55 51.4	0.0404	-0.0562	G0.0401-0.0560	0.040-0.056	Survey	Image		22 GHz;	52;58	55	1.28	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
15	17 46 34.5	-28 59 58.4	0.0546	-0.2114	G0.055-0.211	0.055-0.211	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	0;22	14	9.3	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 34.5	-28 59 58.4	0.0546	-0.2114	G0.055-0.211	0.055-0.211	Survey	Image		22 GHz;	0;22	13	2.2	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
17	17 46 29.9	-28 56 21.8	0.0973	-0.1659	G0.0979-0.1653	0.097-0.166	Follow-up	Image		22 GHz;	-6;3	0.001	1.2	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 29.9	-28 56 21.8	0.0973	-0.1659	G0.0979-0.1653	0.097-0.166	Survey			22 GHz;	-6;3	0.001	0.95	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
19	17 46 15.2	-28 53 41	0.1076	-0.0969	G0.1076-0.0969	0.108-0.097	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-34;-27	-31	0.25	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +SiO	EVOLVED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 15.2	-28 53 41	0.1076	-0.0969	G0.1076-0.0969	0.108-0.097	Survey			22 GHz;	-34;-27	-31	0.89	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +SiO	EVOLVED		2007 October 9
21	17 46 10.7	-28 51 51.2	0.1250	-0.0668	G0.1250-0.0668	0.125-0.067	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-27;-22	-25	2.3	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 10.7	-28 51 51.2	0.1250	-0.0668	G0.1250-0.0668	0.125-0.067	Survey			22 GHz;	-27;-22	-26	0.74	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
23	17 46 27.9	-28 50 22.7	0.1787	-0.1079	G0.1788-0.1079	0.179-0.108	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	63;92	81	1.5	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +SiO	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 27.9	-28 50 22.7	0.1787	-0.1079	G0.1788-0.1079	0.179-0.108	Survey			22 GHz;	63;92	81	1.7	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +SiO	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
25	17 46 7.3	-28 45 33.1	0.2083	-0.0016	G0.2118-0.0009	0.209-0.002	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	21;43	42	1.1	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 7.3	-28 45 33.1	0.2083	-0.0016	G0.2118-0.0009	0.209-0.002	Survey			22 GHz;	21;43	30	0.9	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
27	17 46 7.6	-28 45 21.6	0.2116	-0.0009	G0.2118-0.0009	0.212-0.002	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	44;60	45	0.45	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 7.6	-28 45 21.6	0.2116	-0.0009	G0.2118-0.0009	0.212-0.002	Survey			22 GHz;	44;60	45	0.16	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
29	17 46 10.1	-28 45 38.6	0.2123	-0.0111	G0.2123-0.0111	0.212-0.011	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	66;100	98	0.2	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 10.1	-28 45 38.6	0.2123	-0.0111	G0.2123-0.0111	0.212-0.011	Survey	Image		22 GHz;	66;100	70	1	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
31	17 46 13	-28 45 50.9	0.2150	-0.0221	G0.2150-0.0221	0.216-0.023	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-21;17	-13	1.6	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 13	-28 45 50.9	0.2150	-0.0221	G0.2150-0.0221	0.216-0.023	Survey			22 GHz;	-21;17	-13	2.5	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
33	17 46 44.8	-28 49 50.9	0.2182	-0.1557	G0.2182-0.1557	0.218-0.156	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	42;81	45	4	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 44.8	-28 49 50.9	0.2182	-0.1557	G0.2182-0.1557	0.218-0.156	Survey			22 GHz;	42;81	46	7.5	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
35	17 47 0.6	-28 45 45.4	0.3065	-0.1698	G0.3065-0.1698	0.306-0.170	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	1;13	11	15	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 47 0.6	-28 45 45.4	0.3065	-0.1698	G0.3065-0.1698	0.306-0.170	Survey	Image		22 GHz;	1;13	7	95	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
37	17 47 2.2	-28 45 55.5	0.3070	-0.1761	G0.3070-0.1761	0.308-0.177	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-30;-24	-28	3.6	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +OH	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 47 2.2	-28 45 55.5	0.3070	-0.1761	G0.3070-0.1761	0.308-0.177	Survey			22 GHz;	-30;-24	-28	1.26	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +OH	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
39	17 47 9.2	-28 46 17	0.3152	-0.2012	G0.315-0.201	0.316-0.201	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-14;24	21	2.9	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 47 9.2	-28 46 17	0.3152	-0.2012	G0.315-0.201	0.316-0.201	Survey			22 GHz;	-14;24	22	2.1	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O -CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR		2007 October 9
41	17 46 1.7	-28 35 53.6	0.3351	0.0996	G0.3351+0.0996	0.335+0.100	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-15;7	-14	4.5	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 1.7	-28 35 53.6	0.3351	0.0996	G0.3351+0.0996	0.335+0.100	Survey			22 GHz;	-15;7	3	1	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR_MIXED		2007 October 9
43	17 46 36.8	-28 38 3.7	0.3710	-0.0289	G0.3710-0.0289	0.371-0.029	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-1;12	4	0.35	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 36.8	-28 38 3.7	0.3710	-0.0289	G0.3710-0.0289	0.371-0.029	Survey			22 GHz;	-1;12	3	1.9	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
45	17 47 09	-28 42 6.5	0.3744	-0.1645	G0.3744-0.1645	0.374-0.165	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	-22;-3	-6	3.2	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 47 09	-28 42 6.5	0.3744	-0.1645	G0.3744-0.1645	0.374-0.165	Survey			22 GHz;	-22;-3	-10	2.2	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
47	17 46 21.4	-28 35 40.2	0.3757	0.0401	G0.3757+0.0400	0.376+0.040	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	7;81	39	10.8	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 21.4	-28 35 40.2	0.3757	0.0401	G0.3757+0.0400	0.376+0.040	Survey			22 GHz;	7;81	41	21.4	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH II +OH	SFR		2007 October 9
49	17 46 21.8	-28 35 25.4	0.3800	0.0408	G0.3800+0.0408	0.380+0.041	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	22;50	40	3.3	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27
	17 46 21.8	-28 35 25.4	0.3800	0.0408	G0.3800+0.0408	0.380+0.041	Survey			22 GHz;	22;50	25	3.6	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR		2007 October 9
51	17 46 18.5	-28 34 49.1	0.3825	0.0562	G0.3825+0.0562	0.382+0.056	Follow-up	Image	Descr	22 GHz;	10;14	12	2.8	ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O	SFR		2007 May 26-27

Non-detection table from Caswell et al. (2011)

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ID	Obs. RA	Obs. Dec	l	b	Group id	Source name	Other name	Descr.	Line	V_range	F_peak	Telescope	V_step	RMS	Beam	Detection	Class	Date
	(J2000)	(J2000)	(deg.)	(deg.)			Obs type		H₂O	(km/s)	(Jy)		(km/s)	(Jy)	(arcsec)	Yes/No
1	17 45 37.9	-29 05 45	359.8651	-0.0855	G359.8654-0.0863	359.865-0.085	Survey		22 GHz;	-36;32	<0.3	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O +CH₃OH I +CH₃OH II	SFR_MIXED	2007 October 9
2	17 45 56.1	-28 55 51.4	0.0404	-0.0562	G0.0401-0.0560	0.040-0.056	Follow-up	Descr	22 GHz;	52;58		ATCA	2	0.100	10 x 7.5	+H₂O +OH +SiO	SFR_MIXED	2007 May 26-27
3	17 46 18.5	-28 34 49.1	0.3825	0.0562	G0.3825+0.0562	0.382+0.056	Survey		22 GHz;	10;14	<0.4	ATCA	2	0.100	25	+H₂O	SFR	2007 October 9

Distribution of sources in all sky (l,b)

Distribution of sources in all sky using Aladin

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Distribution of sources in IRAS color-color diagram

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Original color diagram is taken form van der Veen & Habing (1987)

Type	Description
I	Oxygen-rich non-variable stars without circumstellar shells
II	Variable stars with "young" O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIa	Variable stars with more evolved O-rich circumstellar shells
IIIb	Variable stars with thick O-rich circumstellar shells
IV	Variable stars with very thick O-rich circumstellar shells
V	Planetary nebulae and non- variable stars with very cool circumstellar shells
VIa	Variable stars with relatively cold dust at large distances; a significant part of the stars is carbon-rich
VIb	Variable stars with relatively hot dust close to the star and relatively cold dust at large distances; Some of the objects have proven to be O-rich
VII	Variable stars with more evolved C-rich circumstellar shells
VIII	Different sort of objects

Distribution of the detection velocities versus galactic longitude from CAS11

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